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33  WIST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

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CIHM/iCMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


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n 


n 


n 


n 


n 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


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□   Coloured  pages/ 
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D 


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Ce  document  est  filmA  au  taux  de  reduction  indiquA  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

y 

12X 

16X 

20X 

24X 

28X 

32X 

1 

\ 

plaire 
es  details 
iques  du 
int  modifier 
xiger  une 
de  fllmage 


Tlie  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanlts 
to  the  generosity  of: 

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conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


d/ 
qudes 


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d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  -^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  — »-  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 


aire 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  rt.ay  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
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Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
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de  Tangle  sup6rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
»t  tie  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mithode. 


by  errata 
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fapon  A 


1 

2 

3 

32X 


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ni 


TOBACCO  TALK 


BY 


AN  OLD  SMOKER 

GIVING 

THE  SCIENCE  OF  TOBACCO : 

ITS    BOTANY,    CHEMISTRY,    USES,    PLEASURES,    HYGIENE, 
ETIQUETTE,  HISTORY  AND  ETHNOLOGY 


Philadelphia 
,  The  Nicot  Publishing  Company 

1894 

TORONTO : 
The  CARSWELL  CO.  Ltd.,  PUBLISHERS  &  PRINTERS, 

30  Adelaide  St.  East, 


^iSH^HW-WV:!!',;.,:, 


'    ibiiii  it""* 'TMiii'iiia-iiiT  J : 


Entered  accordin?  to  Act  of  the  Parliairent  of  Canada, 
i.i  the  veil  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  ninety- 
four  by  The  Nicct  Publikiiing  Co.,  in  the  Cfflce 
of  the  lilinister  of  Agriculture. 


Copyright,  1894,  by  The  Nicot  Publishing  Company 


CONTENTS. 


I.  Tobacco. 

Is  it  a  "  weed "  ?  Botany  and  habits  of  the 
plant.  Origin  of  the  name.  Varieties.  Posi- 
tion and  relations  in  the  vegetable  kingdom. 
Chemical  analysis.  Cultivation  and  preparation. 
Adulterations, 

II.  Forms  op  Using  Tobacco. 

Snuffing,  chewing,  and  smoking.  The  cigar— its 
hisiory  and  manufacture.  Essential  virtues — 
flavor,  draught,  and  burning.  Varieties  of  cigar 
Tobacco.  Poetry  and  philosophy  of  cigar  smok- 
ing. Cigar-holders.  The  cigarette.  The  pipe, 
and  its  distinctive  charms.  Tobacco  for  pipe 
smoking.  Variety  of  pipes — the  corn-cob,  clay 
pipe,  meerschaum,  briar,  porcelain  pipes.  Col- 
lections of  pipes.  The  Tobacco  box  and  stop- 
per  


16 


III.  Uses  and  Pleasures  of  Tobacco. 

Preserver  against  vermin  and  cannibals.  Medi- 
cinal virtues.  An  aid  to  digestion.  Economizer 
of  nerve  force.  Weariness-dispeller.  Care-ex- 
tinguisher. The  great  peace-maker.  Diplomatic 
smoking.  A  social  smoke.  The  smoking  fisher- 
man. The  contemplative  man's  recreation. 
Smoking  for  pleasure.  The  use  of  pleasure.  A 
sailor's  quid, 34 

8 


IV.  The  Hygiene  and  Etiquette  of  Tobacco. 
The  controversy  on  Tobacco.  The  position  of 
common-sense.  Immoderate  cha^-ges.  Does 
Tobacco  shorten  life?  Does  smoking  increase 
pelfishness?  Does  it  lead  to  drunkenness?  Is 
Tobacco  a  poison?  Use  and  not  abuse.  Ill 
effects  of  the  abuse  of  Tobacco.  Professor  Huxley 
on  Tobacco  smoking.  Practical  hints  to  smokers. 
Moderation — what,  when,  where,  and  how  to 
Eanoke.  Injurious  effect  of  spitting.  Considera- 
tion for  non-smokers.  Gallantry  toward  the 
gentle  sex, 46 

V.  History  of  Tobacco. 

Suggested  origin  of  smoking.  Discovery  of 
Tobacco  by  the  Spaniards.  Introduction  of 
Tobacco  into  France  by  Jean  Nicot.  Origin  of 
the  name  "Nicotine."  Introduction  into  Eng- 
land. Sir  Walter  Raleigh  and  Queen  Elizabeth. 
The  "  golden  age  "  of  Tobacco.  Shakespeare  and 
smoking.  King  James  I  and  his  "  Counter-blast.'' 
Universal  and  cruel  persecution  against  smokers. 
The  final  victory  of  Tobacco,    . 60 

VI.  Ethnology  of  Tobacco. 

The  universal  extension  of  Tobacco  among  all 
nations.  Some  statistics.  The  mound  builders 
—the  original  smokers.  Smoking  among  the 
American  Indians — a  religious  ceremony.  The 
Calumet  and  the  war-pipe.  Strange  taste  among 
the  Greenlanders,  Position  of  the  United  States. 
Our  "national"  pipe.  Smoking  in  Spanish 
America.  Smoking  in  Europe.  Tobacco  among 
the  Mohammedans.  Smoking  in  "Darkest 
Africa."  Asiatic  customs.  "The  sun  never  sets 
over  the  empire  of  Tobacco,"    .........    73 


"^■♦W!l»?'?}i>:'ini;«;s,;»|i;; 


I. 

TOBACCO. 


"  Tobacco's  but  an  Indian  weed."  It  is  not !  It 
is  the  most  misrepresented,  slandered,  honest,  re- 
spectable domestic  plant  ever  cultivated  by  man. 
Everybody,  even  smokers,  persist  in  speaking  of 
Tobacco  as  "  a  weed."  .Now,  Webster  distinctly 
designates  this  application  of  the  word  as  "  slang." 
A  weed,  properly  speaking,  and  men  should  speak 
properly,  is,  according  to  the  same  indisputable 
authority, "  any  plant  growing  in  cultivated  ground 
to  the  injury  of  the  crop  or  desired  vegetation,  or 
to  the  disfigurement  of  the  place ;  an  unsightly, 
useless,  or  injurious  plant."  Farmers  would  be 
thankful,  indeed,  if  all  their  weeds  were  Tobacco. 
Far  from  unsightly,  it  is  admitted  by  all  to  be  a 
rather  stately,  handsome,  symmetrical  plant.  It 
is  useless  only  to  those  that  do  not  use  it,  and  in- 
jurious only  to  those  that  abuse  it.  In  the  name 
of  justice  and  good  language,  let  us  give  up  call- 
ing it "  a  weed.'' 

There  is  a  foreshadowing  philosophy  in  the 
very  appearance  o^  the  plant.  Its  lustrous,  deep- 
green  color,  its  sturdy,  luxurious,  growth,  foretell 
the  rich  masculine  pleasure  it  will  impart  to  its 


6 


lovers  after  its  own  death  and  embalming.  Its 
stem,  cylindrical,  simple^  unbranched,  shooting  up 
to  the  height  of  from  three  to  seven  feet,  clearly 
hints  to  the  pipe,  its  future  sacrificial  pyre.  The 
leaves,  clasping  the  stem  in  a  close  embrace ;  alter- 
nate, oblong,  simple,  varying  in  length  from  one 
to  three  feet,  and  covered  with  a  close  growth 
of  minute  hairs,  which  give  forth  to  the  touch 
a  sticky  humor  of  pungent  odor,  indicate  the 
strong,  affectionate  hold  of  the  smoking  habit 
upon  its  devotees,  and  are  a  promise  of  the  fra- 
grance they  will  breathe  forth  when  chastened 
and  refined  by  "  curing."  The  flowers,  small,  nu- 
merous, rising  in  a  panicle  on  the  summit  of  the 
stem,  and  rejoicing  in  a  pretty  pink  or  rosy  color, 
whisper  to  the  smoker's  heart  of  the  airy,  hope- 
inspiring  dreams  that  will  ascend  with  the  clouds 
out  of  the  pipe  or  the  cigar.  The  pod  or  berry-like 
fruit,  which  may  contain  in  a  single  plant  about 
forty  thousand  minute  seeds,  is  a  symbol  of  the 
innumerable  pleasures  and  uses  the  cornucopia 
of  Tobacco  holds  out  to  mankind. 

In  its  habits  Tobacco  is  a  harry,  annual  plant, 
requiring  rich,  moist  soil,  which  it  exhausts  to  a 
remarkable  extent.  Its  cultivation,  therefore,  ne- 
cessitates constant  and  abundant  fertilization,  great 
care  being  needed  in  the  choice  of  the  manure,  as 
the  plant  is  wonderfully  impressionable,  and  has  a 
cosmopolitan  adaptability  to  its  surrounding  cir- 


cumstances.  This  quality,  also,  it  transfers  to  its 
human  subjects,  the  smoker  being,  generally,  a 
hardy  individual,  a  great  digester,  who  thrives 
best  when  fertilized  by  good,  full  meals,  and  under 
the  gentle  irrigation  of  beer  or  wine.  And  he,  too, 
possesses  a  wide,  cosmopolitan  mind,  which  feels 
at  home  in  any  corner  of  the  world  where  Tobacco 
breathes  its  philadelphic  influences. 

But  we  will  leave  the  parallel  and  confine  our- 
selves, for  a  while,  to  the  cold,  hard  facts  of  tobac- 
canalian  science.  Tobacco,  in  its  many  varieties, 
cannot  be  called  the  native  of  any  one  particular 
country,  but  appears  to  have  been  simultaneously 
created  in  various  parts  of  the  ejlobe.  Evolution- 
ists may  take  exception  to  this  expression,  but  the 
*'  missing  link  "  between  Tobacco  and  the  Potato 
has  not  yet  been  found.  In  habits  it  is  both  lati- 
and  longitudinarian.  It  adapts  itself,  w  hout  a 
murmur,  equally  to  the  soil  of  Syria  ^  "  of 
America.     It    grows    alike    in    Canada  in 

Australia,  but  flourishes  best  in  regions  having  a 
mean,  that  is  to  say,  average  temperature  of  not 
less  than  40  degrees,  where  early  autumn  frosts  do 
not  nip  its  aspirations  in  the  bud.  Its  most  highly 
appreciated  qualities  are,  however,  developed  under 
the  burning  sun  of  the  tropics,  as  in  Cuba  and 
Suixiatra. 

The  Etymology  of  its-  name  is,  like  everything 
else,  a  subject  of  dispute  among  the  learned,  but 


'II 


is  most  generally  supposed  to  be  of  Carribeari 
origin.  The  ignorant  natives  of  San  Domingo 
are  said  to  have  given  the  name  Tobago  to  the 
primitive  pipe  through  which  they  inhaled  the 
fumes  of  the  leaf,  but  the  Spanish  discoverers, 
in  their  superior  wisdom,  gave  that  name  to  the 
plant  itself.  Imagine  us  saying  "  a  Tobacco  of 
pipe,"  instead  of"  a  pipe  of  Tobacco.V  We  may  be 
thankful  for  the  discernment  of  the  gentle  Span- 
iards The  Latin  or  botanical  name,  Nicotiana,  is 
derived  from  Jean  Nicot,  who  first  introduced  the 
plant  into  France.  But,  like  the  rose,  its  fragrance 
is  just  as  sweet  under  any  appellation. 

Botany  has  included  more  than  forty  varieties 
of  the  plant  under  the  general  name  of  Nicotiana^ 
but  as  only  three  of  these  are  of  any  use  to  smokers, 
we  will  confine  our  attention  to  these  latter.  The 
first  and  most  well  known,  which  is  the  one  we 
endeavored  to  describe  above,  is  known,  scientifi- 
cally, as  Nicotiana  Tahacum,  and,  in  common 
speech,  as  Virginian  or  American  Tobacco,  having 
been  found,  originally,  in  America,  and  afterward 
cultivated  most  extensively  in  the  old  colony  of 
Virginia,  where  the  first  white  settlers  bought 
their  wives  with  bales  of  Tobacco  and  paid  their 
ministers  in  the  same  staple  commodity.  It  is 
native  also  in  Cuba  and  in  the  Philippine  Islands. 

The  second  variety,  Nicotiana  Rustica,  is  so 
called  possibly  because  it  does  not  grow  on  the 


9 

streets  of  New  York,  hut  is  cultivated,  mostly,  m 
the  rural  districts  of  Turkey  and  Syria.  It  hoaats 
of  many  difl'erent  names,  such  as  Indian,  English, 
Syrian  or  Green  Tohacco,  and  differs  from  Ameri- 
can Tobacco  m  its  branched  stem,  in  its  stalked, 
more  rounded  leaves,  and  in  the  pale  greenish  color 
of  its  flowers.  It  is  milder  in  flavor  than  our  Ameri- 
can variety,  and  makes  excellent  cigarettes,  l)ut 
burns  too  quickly  and  hotly  for  our  short-stemmed 
Western  pipes.  The  Orientals,  however,  with  their 
cooling  water-pipes  and  long  winding  stems,  man- 
age to  draw  ecstatic  pleasure  out  of  it. 

NicoTiANA  Persica,  or  Persian  Tobacco,  is  the 
third  general  variety.  It  differs  from  the  two 
preceding  ones  in  the  shape  of  the  leaves,  and  in 
the  white  color  of  the  flower.  It  makes  a  very 
delicate  smoke  in  a  "  Hookah  "  or  water-pipe,  but 
does  not  burn  well  enough  to  be  used  in  the  form 
of  cigars.  It  is,  moreover,  very  scarce.  The  best 
kind,  which  is  grown  at  Shiraz,  in  Persia,  is  set 
apart  exclusively  for  the  Shah  himself  and  his 
court 

Tobacco  belongs  to  a  highly  connected  family 
in  the  vegetable  kingdom,  which  is  known  as  the 
Solanacese  and  contains  such  distinguished,  useful 
or  ornamental  members  as  the  Tomato,  the 
Cayenne  Pepper,  the  Petunia,  the  Matrimony- 
vine,  the  Egg-plant,  and  the  Potato.  'Tis  true, 
anti-tobacconists  point  with   glee  to  some  "bad 


10 


"t^ 


eggs"  in  this  same  family,  such  as  the  Deadly 
Nightshade  and  the  Hen-bane,  but  similar  sad 
freaks  will  occur  in  some  of  the  best  regulated 
families  of  the  genus  homo.  Should  we  be  made 
to  suffer  for  the  sins  of  our  cousins  and  second 
cousins  ?    'T would  be  a  manifest  injustice. 

"  Op  all  known  vegetable  products,"  writes  an 
enthusiastic  smoker,  "  Tobacco  is  constituted  and 
composed  of  the  richest,  strongest,  most  delicious, 
and  delightful  ingredients.  The  alcohol  or  spirit, 
the  oil  and  opium,  the  sugar,  the  acids  and  nitre, 
with  many  other  of  the  volatile  salts,  all  hamioni- 
H)usly  combined,  constitute  this  the  richest  and 
most  delicious  compound  ever  engendered  and 
generated  in  £,ny  one  plant." 

A  MORE  accurate  chemical  analysis  has  dis- 
covered in  Tobacco  the  following  component 
substances : 

Alhumi'noids — nourishing  matters,  such  as  con- 
stitute the  white  of  the  egg  or  the  serum  of  the 
blood, — about  twenty-five  per  cent. 

Alcohol — developed  in  the  Tobacco  by  fermen- 
tation during  the  process  of  curing. 

Ammonia — imparting  pungency  to  the  flavor. 

Cellulose — a  starch v  substance. 

Citric  add — such  as  is  found  in  lemons  or 
citrons, — about  five  per  cent. 

Creosote — a  burning,  smoky  oil,  such  as  that  of 
wood-tar,  developed  during  the  burning  of  the 


il 


11 


ceo  by  fermen- 


to  the  flavor. 


in    lemons  or 


i^ 


Tobacco.  This,  and  not  the  Nicotine,  is  what 
makes  the  vellowiph-brown  stain  on  a  handker- 
chief  when  Tobacco  smoke  is  blown  through  n. 
It  forms  a  great  part  of  the  smoke  itself,  makes 
quick  deposits  on  the  teeth,  mo  .ih,  and  nostrils 
of  the  smoker,  and  necessitates  frequent  ablutions 
of  these  parts. 

Essential  oil — a  volatile  element,  imparting  to 
the  plant  its  characteristic  odor, — an  exceedingly 
small  percentage. 

Malic  acid — such  as  gives  the  pleasant  sour 
taste  to  apples  and  some  other  fruits, — from  seven 
to  eight  per  cent. 

Nicotine — the  most  active  principle  of  Tobacco ; 
a  transparent,  colorless,  volatile  oil,  of  acrid  odor 
and  taste,  and  highly  poisonous  in  its  elemental 
state.  According  to  the  amount  of  its  presence 
Tobacco  is  said  to  be  "  strong  "  or  "  mild."  In 
the  product  of  Turkey,  Greece,  and  Hungary 
there  is  scarcely  a  trace  of  the  poison.  In  that  of 
Brpzil,  Havana,  and  Paraguay  the  amount  is 
2%  ;  Maryland  Tobacco  contains  2.24%  ;  Ken- 
tucky, 6% ;  Virginia,  6.87% ;  French  Tobacco, 
7.30%. 

The   Analysis  gives  the  further  ingredients: 
Nicotianine  or  '*  Tobacco   Camphor,"   a  white, 
waxy  substance,  hot  and  bitter  in  taste ;  important 
in  flavoring  the  Tobacco,  but  present  in  an  exceed- 
ingly small  quantity. 


-H- 


J2 


N'drogeneous  substances^  especially  Saltpeter,  give 
the  Tobacco  its  burning  qualities;  they  vary  in 
percentage. 

Oxalic  acid,  such  as  is  found  especially  in  the 
common  Wood-sorrel. 

Pectic  acid,  existing  in  the  "  Pectin  "  or  "  vege- 
table jelly,"  which  is  found  in  ripe,  fleshy  fruits, 
— five  per  cent. 

Resinous  substances — gummy,  balsamic,  inflam- 
mable,— from  four  to  six  per  cent. 

The  Cultivation  of  Tobacco  is  not  a  sinecure 
to  the  planter.  It  requires  the  best  land,  rich 
manuring,  and  constant  attention.  The  seeds  are 
sown  in  seed-beds  in  March  or  the  beginning  of 
April,  and  the  young  plants  remain  there  until 
May  or  June,  when  a  warm,  rainy  day  is  chosen 
for  transplanting  them  into  the  fields.  Careful 
weeding  is  necessary  and  frequent  attention  to  the 
insect  enemies  to  the  plant  such  as  the  ''  Horn- 
worm  "  or  "  Tobacco-worm."  When  from  five 
to  nine  leaves  have  developed,  the  plants  are 
"  topped  " — i.  e.,  the  top  is  nipped  off"  to  prevent 
too  quick  growth  into  flowers  and  seeds,  and  to 
insure  a  greater  develoj^ment  of  the  all-important 
leaves.  All  side-shoots  and  suckers  are  also  re- 
moved. The  harvesting  takes  place  in  September, 
before  the  autumnal  frost  seta  in.  The  stem  is  cut 
near  the  base,  and  the  whole  plant  laid  on  the 
ground  to  wilt.    In  Germany  the  leaves  only  are 


ilsamic,  inflam- 


13 

cut  off  and  placed  on  the  ground  about  the  stems, 
where  they  remain  until  they  have  become  limp 
and  wilted. 

The  "  Curing  "  is  the  next  proceeding  in  the  re- 
formation of  the  green  plant  into  the  commercial 
article.  It  consists  of  two  successive  processes: 
the  "  drying  "  and  the  "  fermenting."  In  Europe 
the  drying  is  done  by  fixing  the  leaves  separately 
on  long  rods,  which  are  hung  in  a  shed  or  barn 
where  the  air  can  freely  circulate.  They  remain 
here  from  six  to  eight  weeks,  when  thej^  are  ready 
for  the  next  step.  In  the  United  States  the  whole 
plant  is  dried  by  artificial  heat  in  specially  con- 
structed houses,  the  temperature  being  kept  at 
about  170  degrees.  By  this  means  the  leaves  are 
completely  dried  in  from  four  to  five  days.  They 
are  now  brittle  and  impossible  to  work,  but  are 
made  soft  and  pliable  by  exposure  to  moist  atmos- 
phere. After  this,  they  are  stripped  off  the  stems, 
sorted  into  "  firsts,"  "  seconds,"  and  "  lugs  "  (the 
lower  leaves),  and  made  up  into  "  hands  "  or  bun- 
dles of  from  twenty  to  twenty-five  leaves. 

"Fermentation"  is  the  next  process.  The 
leaves,  whether  separate  or  in  bundles,  are  piled 
up  on  a  barn  floor  in  solid  stacks  to  the  height  of 
five  or  six  feet.  A  fermenting  process  quickly 
sets  in  within  these  stacks,  the  inner  temperature 
rising  steadily  until  it  reaches  about  130  degrees. 
To  prevent  over-heating  and  to  secure  uniform  fer- 


14 


mentation  of  the  whole  mass  of  Tobjicco,  the 
piles  are  from  time  to  time  taken  down  and 
rebuilt,  the  outer  leaves  being  placed  in  the 
middle  of  the  new  stacks.  In  from  three  to  five 
weeks,  when  the  leaves  have  assumed  a  uniformly 
brown  color,  the  fermentation  is  completed,  and 
the  Tobacco  is  packed  and  stored  to  mature. 
In  about  two  years  it  is  ready  for  the  manufac- 
turer. It  is  to  be  observed  that  the  crops  of 
Tobacco,  like  vintages,  often  vary  in  richness  and 
delicacy  of  flavor.  In  certain  years  the  crop  is  of 
much  greater  value  than  in  others.  The  question 
of  the  locality  of  the  growth  is  also  of  tlie  utmost 
importance. 

The  Adulteration  of  Tobacco  is  probably  not 
as  common  as  may  be  generally  supposed, 
especially  in  those  countries  where  the  plant 
grows  in  abundance.  But  where  the  cultivation 
is  forbidden,  and  the  import  duties  high,  the  arti- 
ficial creations  of  Tobacco  are  carried  on  with 
great  ingenuity  and  success.  The  following  list 
includes  the  most  common  substances  used  in  the 
adulteration  or  "  doctoring  *'  of  the  genuine 
article:  Alum,  Beach-leaves,  Burdock,  Chicory, 
Cabbage,  Dyes  of  -various  kinds.  Lamp-black, 
Licorice,  Lime,  Lettuce,  Oak-leaves,  Peat-earth, 
Potato-starch,  Rhubarb,  Salt,  Saltpeter,  Sawdust, 
Sugar,  Tar-oil,  Urine — an  inviting  medley,  truly  I 
Even  the  worst  cigars,  however,  are  generally 


15 


r  Tobjicco,  the 
jen  down  and 
placed  in  the 
n  three  to  five 
led  a  uniformly 
completed,  and 
ed  to  mature, 
r  the  manufac- 
t  the  crops  of 
in  richness  and 
rs  the  crop  is  of 
.  The  question 
;o  of  tlie  utmost 


made  of  real  Tobacco,  but  of  an  inferior,  second 
growth  of  leaves,  which  in  warm  autumns  shoot 
out  from  the  stumps  on  the  fields,  and  are  sold  by 
the  planter  at  a  nominal  price.  Cabbage  leaves  are 
not  used  in  the  adulteration  as  often  as  may  be 
imagined,  as  Tobacco  may  be  grown  at  even  less 
cost  than  that  esculent  vegetable. 


is  probably  not 
ally  supposed, 
lere  the  plant 
the  cultivation 
s  high,  the  arti- 
arried  on  with 
)  following  list 
ices  used  in  the 

the  genuine 
dock,  Chicory, 
3,  Lamp-black, 
es,  Peat-earth, 
eter,  Sawdust, 
medley,  truly  1 

are  generally 


mm 


II. 
FORMS  OF  USING  TOBACCO. 


There  is  a  porcine,  anti-tobacco  proverb  to  the 
effect  that "  one  who  smokes  smells  like  a  hog, 
one  who  snuffs  looks  like  a  hog,  and  one  who 
chews  is  a  hog."  Without  in  the  least  admitting 
the  fitness  of  this  filthy  accusation,  it  must  be 
conceded  that  smoking  is  the  most  decent,  as  it 
is  the  most  wholesome  method  of  using  Tobacco. 
Both  snuffing  and  chewing  may  have  their  great 
uses  and  delights  to  those  accustomed  to  these 
habits,  but  the  former  is  nowadays  indulged  in 
but  little,  at  least  in  this  country ,  and  the  latter 
is  outside  of  the  experience  of  the  present  writer. 
Again  and  again  we  have  tried  the  "  plug," 
but  have  ever  met  with  a  repulse.  We  maj-, 
therefore,  be  excused  from  dwelling  upon  this 
phase  of  our  subject,  and  will  proceed  to  the  con- 
sideration of  smoking  alone,  in  its  three  univer- 
sal forms — the  Cigar,  the  Cigarette,  and  the  Pipe. 

The  Cigar  is  obviously  the  simplest  instru- 
ment of  smoking.  Tobacco  is  here  its  own  un- 
assisted medium  of  communication  with  man.  It 
seems  to  have  been  used  in  this  form  from  time 
immemorial  in  the  West  Indies,  the  very  name, 

16 


17 


i( 


1) 


simplest  instru- 
lere  its  own  un- 
on  with  man.  It 
s  form  from  time 

,  the  very  name, 


arro,"  being  of  Cuban  origin,  and  meaning 
simply  "Tobacco."  The  Spaniards  quickly 
adopted  its  use,  but  cigar-smoking  did  not 
become  general  in  Central  and  Northern  Europe 
until  the  close  of  the  last  century ;  the  first  cigar- 
factory  was  established  in  Hamburg,  in  the  year 
1796.  At  first  the  habit  was  looked  upon  as  a 
dandyish  and  expensiv^e  way  of  taking  Tobacco, 
but  it  soon  spread  throughout  the  world.  , 

Cigars  are,  or  should  be,  made  of  the  finest, 
most  delicately  flavored  leaves,  carefully  selected 
and  especially  prepared  by  the  manufacturer. 
Like  everything  perfect,  it  consists  of  three 
parts — a  longitudinal  core  or  central  mass  of 
*'  fillers,"  which  are  enveloped  in  an  inner  cover- 
ing of  "  binders,"  and  an  outer  robe  of  "  wrappers." 
The  binder  is  generally  of  the  same  quality  of 
Tobacco  as  the  fillers,  but  the  wrapper  is  made 
of  the  finest,  silkiest,  selected  leaf.  The  Tobacco 
intended  for  the  binders  and  wrappers  is  moistened 
in  clear  water  until  it  becomes  flexible.  After 
twenty-four  hours  the  leaves  are  given  to  the 
"  strippers  " — generally  women — who  strip  the 
fine  texture  from  the  midrib  or  "  stem,"  smooth 
the  halves,  and  lay  them  out  one  upon  the 
other.  The  fillers  are  worked  in  a  dry  state. 
The  mechanic  takes  a  small  quantity  into  his 
hand,  forms  them  into  the  shape  desired  for 
the  cigar,  and  breaks  them  into  the  j^roper  length. 


---I" 


,1 


18 


They  are  then  rolled  successively  into  the  bin- 
der and  the  wrapper ;  one  end  of  the  cylinder 
is  twisted  into  a  tapering  point,  and  the  other 
cut  off  evenly.  The  cigar  is  now  ready  to  bo 
bundled  with  its  fellows  in  packages  of  fifty, 
which  are  turned  over  to  the  "  packer,"  who 
arranges  them  in  their  boxes.  The  cigars  are 
then  seasoned  by  a  process  of  drying,  and  are 
ready  for  the  consumer  in  about  a  week. 

A  GOOD  cigar  must  have  three  essential  virtues. 
It  must  have  a  delicate  flavor,  it  must  have  aii 
easy,  comfortable  draught,  and  it  must  burn  well 
and  evenly.  We  know  of  no  method  by  which  to 
judge  of  these  qualities  before  you  have  smoked 
the  cigar,  except  by  relying  upon  the  general  in- 
tuition with  which  a  practiced  smoker  is  endowed. 
If  the  cigar  lacks  any  or  all  of  these  essentials,  it 
should  immediately  be  consigned  to  oblivion. 
The  flavor  depends  upon  the  brand  you  use. 
Lack  of  draught  is  owing  to  the  fillers  havinii: 
been  packed  too  tightly  or  in  a  moist  state.  Th(* 
combustion  is  a  matter  of  study  fpr  the  manufac- 
turer. Sometimes  a  cigar  burns  fiercely  in  the 
centre,  leaving  on  the  outside  an  uglv,  black  pali- 
sade or  fence.  •  At  other  times  a  cigar  develops 
luxurious,  but  quite  unseemly  "  side-burns,"  as  it 
were,  leaving  the  centre  hard  and  black,  like  n 
chimney  in  a  smoking  ruin.  Both  of  these  case  - 
are  owins:  to  an  inharmonious  selection  of  the  va- 


'm 


'''iii 


19 


loker  is  endowed. 

lese  essentials,  it 

led    to    oblivion. 

brand   vou   use. 

le   fillers  having 

loist  state.     The 

fpr  the  manufac- 

s  fiercely  in  the 

uglv,  black  pali- 

a  cigar  develops 

lide-burns,"  as  it 

,nd  black,  like  n 

th  of  these  case ; 

ection  of  the  va- 


rious kinds  of  Tobacco  constituting  the  cigar. 
The  fillers,  binders,  and  wrappers  must  be  of  an 
equal  burning  quality. 

Many  smokers  judge  of  the  quality  of  a  cigar 
by  the  whiteness  and  consistency  of  the  ashes,  but 
this  is  unsafe  as  a  general  rule.  The  fact  is  that 
too  much  snowiness  of  the  ashes  indicates  only 
too  great  a  presence  of  saltpeter,  which  has  been 
added  artificially.  To  the  same  presence  is  due 
the  sizzling  and  little  explosions  occurring  in 
some  fiercely  burning  cigars.  The  only  legitimate 
color  of  the  ashes  is  a  clear,  pearly  gray.  Nor  is 
the  great  consistency  of  the  ashes  an  unerring  in- 
dication of  good  quality.  It  is  sometimes  pro- 
duced artificially  by  means  of  gum  arable.  Some 
of  the  best  cigars  do  not  hold  the  ashes  well. 

The  varieties  of  Tobacco  used  for  the  manu- 
|facture  of  cigars  depend  upon  the  localities  of 
their  growth.     Some  Tobaccos  are  used  for  every 
)art  of  the  cigar,  others  are  good  only  for  one  or 
two  of  the  constituent  parts.     German  Tobacco  is 
[used  for  all  purposes ;  it  is  exceedingly  mild,  but 
[is  inferior  to  the  American  varieties.   The  Tobacco 
[raised  in  the  Philippine  Islands  is  of  a  very  deli- 
cate and  distinctive  aroma,  and  is  manufactured 
into  "  ^lanilla  "  cheroots.     Immense  quantities  of 
'obacco  are  raised  in  Java  and  Sumatra,  the  latter 
^lakinc:^  one  of  the  most  highly  fippreciated  kind 
>f  wrappers,  being   of   fine    texture   and   color, 


-■lil 


mmm 


20 

and  rich  in  the  pale  yellowish  spots  now  so  much 
sought  for.  Many  efforts  have  been  made  to  pro- 
duce these  spots  artificially,  and  many  theories 
have  been  entertained  as  to  their  origin.  They 
are  now  understood  to  hs^^^  ^een  formed  by  a 
local  burning  of  the  leaf,  t-..ough  the  concen- 
tration of  tropical  sun-rays  upon  the  transparent 
globules  of  dewdrops,  in  which  particles  of  flying 
sand  may  have  lodged 

Good  Cigar-Tobacco  is  now  being  grown  in 
Brazil,  and  especially  in  the  province  of  Bahia, 
whence  great  quantities  are  exported  to  Germany 
and  Austria.  Mexican  and  Central  American 
Tobacco  is  becoming,  better  known,  but  is  raised 
mostly  for  the  great  local  consumption.  The  pro- 
duction of  the  United  States  is  too  well  known  to 
require  detailed  description.  Connecticut  takes 
the  lead  with  the  most  excellent  quality,  good  for 
ill!  purposes,  but  especially  for  the  manufacture 
of  binders  and  wrappers.  Pennsylvania  Tobacco 
is  also  of  high  grade,  and  useful  for  all  parts  of 
the  cigar.  New  York  and  Ohio  Tobaccos  are 
used  mostly  for  fillers.  Wisconsin  contributes  a 
good  quality  for  binders.  Florida  grows  a  Tobac- 
co, beautiful  in  color,  resembling  the  product  of 
Sumatra,  but  somewhat  deficient  in  burning 
quality. 

Cuba  justly  glories  in  her  "  Habana,"  without 
question  *he  most  famous  cigar-tobacco  in  the 


i   I  "i 


rticles  of  flying 


nt    in    burning 


21 

world.  The  very  linerft  kind  has  for  many  years 
been  raised  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  island, 
especially  in  the  districts  of  Vuelta  Abajo,  Parti- 
das,  and  Vuelta  Arriba.  It  is  said  that  this  pro- 
duct has  deteriorated  somewhat  in  quality  of  late 
years,  owing  to  the  exhaustion  of  the  soil  by  the 
constant  cultivation,  and  the  detrimental  influ- 
ence of  the  guano  used  in  modem  fertilization. 
The  Tobacco  raised  in  the  south  of  Cuba  has,  in 
consequence,  lately  come  into  greater  prominence. 

The  Cigar,  like  the  cigarette  and  the  pipe, 
has  its  own  distinctive  poetry  and  philosophy. 
Its  most  distinguished  bard  is,  perhaps.  Lord 
Byron,  who  sings  thus  in  its  praise : 

"  Sublime  Tobacco,  which  from  East  to  West 
Cheers  the  tar's  labours,  or  the  Turkoman's  rest ; 
Which  on  the  Moslem's  ottoman  divides 
His  hours,  and  rivals  opium  and  his  brides  ! 
Magnificent  in  Stambul,  but  less  grand, 
Though  not  less  loved,  in  Wapping  or  the  Strand ; 
Divine  in  Hookahs,  glorious  in  a  pipe, 
AVhen  tipped  with  amber,  mellow,  rich,  and  ripe. 
Like  other  charmei*s,  wooing  the  caress, 
More  dazzlingly,  when  daring  in  full  dress, 
Yet  thy  true  lovers  more  admire  by  far 
Thy  naked  beauties — ^give  me  a  cigar !" 

("The  Island:'     Canto  11.) 

Julian  Hawthorne,  writing  in  The  Galaxy  for 

1875,  though  a  pipe-smoker  par  preference,  still 

;recognizes  "  the  eternal  fitness  of  things  '*  in  this 


i*« 


22 


acknowledgment  to  the  other  forms  of  smoking : 
"  There  are  times  and  places  tolerant  only  of  the 
cigarette,  tenderly  white  and  sweetly  fragrant;  a 
grimy  pipe  is  no  fit  sight  for  the  dark-eyed 
daughters  of  warm  Castile.  And  have  we  dined 
with  delicate  sumptuousness ;  has  each  successive 
viand,  from  pearly  oyster  to  perfumed  Stilton,  at 
once  cunningly  relieved  the  palate  from  what 
went  before,  and  subtly  stimulated  it  for  what  was 
to  come ;  in  short,  has  the  repast  been  an  epicurean 
song  of  finest  harmony — hardly  may  we  play  the 
epilogue  upon  a  pipe.  More  fitting  there  will  be 
the  refined  Habana." 

But  the  same  profound  philosopher  of  smoking 
speaks  thus  in  derogation  of  the  cigar,  as  com- 
pared with  the  pipe :  "  The  cigar  is  a  mere  stranger 
— a  passing  acquaintance;  though  much  of  the 
fine  geutlen  xn  be  in  him,  he  is  dry  and  formal. 
Beginning  the  conversation  with  airy  words  of 
captivating  savor,  his  language  gradually  grows 
stronger,  till  at  the  end  he  sinks  into  rank  and 
bitter  repinings ;  now  he  is  gone  forever  and  for- 
gotten. No  romantic  associations  can  cling  to 
him ;  his  history  is  comprised  in  a  single  event. 
Picturesque  he  is  not ;  an  attache  of  the  fashion- 
able world,  it  is  beneath  his  dignity  to  consort 
with  such  people  as  Teniers  drew  ;  nor  will  he  en- 
roll himself  among  the  familiar  spirits  of  poets 
and  philosophers." 


23 


We  fear  this  is  the  language  of  one  prejudiced. 
Notwithstanding  all  that  may  be  said  against  it, 
the  cigar  remains  the  proud  monarch  of  the  world 
of  smoking.  Though  his  individual  reign  be  brief, 
yet  the  family  is  numerous,  and  the  continued  suc- 
cession to  the  throne  secured  forever.  Like  other 
monarchs  of  the  world,  he  carij  indeed,  be  shock- 
ingly bad ;  yet,  on  the  whole,  he  rules  by  his  in- 
trinsic merits,  as  well  as  by  popular  consent. 
"  Twofer,"  "  stogey,"  "  cheroot,"  or  "  regalia,"  in 
palace  or  in  cottage  he  is  ever  gentlemanly,  digni- 
fied, and  thoughtful.  As  to  his  mental  influence, 
hark  to  the  following  "  confession  "  of  an  ancient 
cigar-smoker : 

"  I  owe  to  smoking,  more  or  less, 
Through  life  the  whole  of  my  success; 
With  my  cigar  I'm  sage  and  wise — 
Without,  I'm  dull  as  cloudy  skies. 
When  smoking,  all  my  ideas  soar, 
When  not,  they  sink  upon  the  floor. 
Tlie  greatest  men  have  all  been  smokers, 
And  so  were  all  the  greatest  jokers. 
Then  ye,  who'd  bid  adieu  to  care, 
Come  here  and  smoke  it  into  air." 


We  have  yet  to  consider  one  feature  of  cigar- 
dmoking — one  that  is  not  very  popular,  it  is  feared, 
yet  much  to  be  recommended — the  cigar-holder. 
Though  some  fiery  lovers  of  the  cigar  may  think 
that  smoking  thFough  a  tube  may  be  compared  to 
kissing  your  sweetheart  through  a  telephone,  yet 


Un: 


-  J■■Jt^.^'^i^^^^.. .  .aAaita; 


24 


we  would  urge  upon  every  smoker  the  use  of  the 
holder.  It  is  economical,  enabling  you  to  con- 
sume the  cigar  to  the  "bitter  end,"  which,  to 
many,  is  an  especially  desirable  "  tit  bit."  Then 
it  is  of  convenience,  keeping  the  cigar  at  a  re- 
spectful distance  from  the  lips  and  eyes,  and,  fi- 
nally, it  is  wholesome,  enabling  the  condensed 
tobacco-oil  to  settle  in  the  tube,  instead  of  being 
drawn  into  the  mouth.  Cigar-holders  may  be 
made  of  meerschaum,  amber,  wood,  and  what-not, 
but  the  longest  and  the  cheapest  are  the  best. 

"  The  cigarette,"  according  to  Hawthorne,  "  is 
the  female  cigar.  She  is  the  beguilement  of  an 
indolent  moment,  the  diversion  of  a  mind  unoc- 
cupied— not  a  trusty  friend  in  weariness  and  trou- 
ble, a  solid  resource  in  winter  and  rough  weather. 
She  is  unworthy  the  understanding  and  strength 
of  the  developed  man,  and,  like  a  book  of  jests, 
should  only  be  taken  up  occasionally."  This  defi- 
nition requires  a  certain  qualification.  The  cigar- 
ette may,  indeed,  belong  to  "  the  weaker  vessels  " 
of  Tobacco  smoking,  but  to  the  honor  of  the  sex 
be  it  said  that  all  are  not  mere  flirts  and  summer- 
girls,  such  as  she..  Sweet,  airy,  fascinating  is  this 
pretty  little  creature  in  the  fairy  garb,  delightful 
to  play  with  now  and  then,  but  dangerous  as  a 
constant  companion.  'Tis  whispered  by  some 
that  she  uses  drugs  for  her  complexion.  Others 
say  that  her  kisses  are  perilous  from  the  moisture 


25 


the  use  of  the 
r  you  to  con- 
d,"  which,  to 
it  bit."  Then 
cigar  at  a  re- 
i  eyes,  and,  fi- 
bhe  condensed 
Lstead  of  being 
jlders  may  be 
,  and  what-not, 
e  the  best. 

Hawthorne, "  is 

iiilement  of  an 
a  mind  unoc- 

•iness  and  trou- 
rough  weather. 

g  and  strength 
book  of  jests, 
ly."    Thisdefi- 
on.     The  cigar- 
weaker  vessels  " 
onor  of  the  sex 
ts  and  summer- 
icinating  is  this 
garb,  delightful 
dangerous  as  a 
ered  by  some 
flexion.    Others 
m  the  moisture 


of  her  composition,  whereby  the  Nicotine  becomes 
more  solvent  and  absorbable.  Like  other  coquettes, 
the  cigarette  is  said  to  afflict  her  too-devoted  ad- 
mirers with  hear  trouble. 

The  pipe  is,  after  all,  the  solid  groundwork  and 
basis  of  all  forms  of  smoking.  We  quote  again 
from  Hawthorne,  whose  philosophy  has  estab- 
lished the  rationale  of  pipe  smoking :  "  The  pipe, 
if  brought  to  trial,  can  find  a  sounder  plea  than 
mere  disparagement  of  rivals.  He  takes  his  stand 
upon  his  intrinsic  virtues— they  are  undeniable, 
and  not  few.  To  begin  with,  he  has  permanent 
existence;  again  and  again  does  he  serve  your 
turn,  and  still  is  ready  for  a  fresh  bout ;  nay,  ho 
gains  in  mellowness  and  beauty  with  each  succes- 
sive charge.  Clear  .but  his  throat  occasionally — 
anon  stuff  thiat  ever-open  mouth  with  a  pinch  of 
fresh  hay,  and  he  will  commune  sweetly  with  you 
all  day  long.  Your  companion  by  night  and  by 
day,  in  merriment  and  in  distress,  he  has  watched 
syour  growth,  seen  your  opinions  change,  glowed 
[with  your  hopes,  burned  incense  for  your  success, 
Imourned  in  ashes  for  your  disappointment.  What 
[other  friend  has  been  so  finely  sympathetic,  so 
mobtrusively  consoling,  so  seldom  unwelcome?" 

Differing  from  the  philosopher,  quoted  above, 
there  have  been  poets  who  have  looked  upon  the 
)ipe  as  of  the  feminine  rather  than  the  masculine 


a^^*.U^l   ,  ..^.^jft^l 


'2TSSSE?5^''*«BR5'W«»*^' 


26 

gender.    A  poet  of  the  last  century  thus  sings  to 
his  "  clay  " : 

**  Pretty  tube  of  mighty  power! 
Charmer  of  an  idle  hour ; 
Object  of  my  hot  desire, 
Lip  of  wax,  and  eye  of  fire ; 
And  thy  snowy  taper  waist, 
With  my  fingers  gently  braced ; 
And  thy  lovely  swelling  crest, 
,With  my  bended  stopper  pressed 
And  the  sweetest  bliss  of  blisses, 
Breathing  from  thy  balmy  kisses; 
Happy  thrice,  and  thrice  again — 
Happiest  he  of  happy  men ! 
He,  who  when  the  night  returns, 
When  again  the  taper  burns ; 
When  again  the  crickets  play, 
Little  crickets,  ever  gay ; 
Can  afford  his  tube  to  feed. 
With  the  fragrant  Indian  weed; 
Pleasure  for  a  nose  divine. 
Incense  of  the  god  of  wine ! 
Happy  thrice,  and  thrice  again— 
Happiest  he  of  happy  men  I" 

No  LESS  enthusiastic  was  a  writer  in  the  Gentle- 
man's  Magazine  for  1857,  who  proposed  to  choose  ^  :| 
a  wife  by  the  standard  of  his  pipe.  ^ 

**  Tube,  I  love  thee  as  my  life ; 
By  thee  I  mean  to  choose  a  wife. 
Tube,  thy  color  let  me  find, 
1  In  her  skin  and  in  her  mind. 


27 


ry  thus  sings  to 


rerl 


raced; 
srest, 
pressed 
blisses, 
y  kisses; 
again — 
en! 

returns, 
irns ; 
play, 

ed, 

n  weed ; 

le, 

ne! 

B  again— 

lenl" 


•iter  in  the  Gentle- 
•oposed  to  choose 


n 


pe. 


life; 
36  a  wife, 
ind, 
mind. 


Let  her  have  a  shape  as  fine ; 
Let  her  breath  be  sweet  as  thine : 
I^t  her,  when  her  lips  I  kiss, 
Biirn  like  thee,  to  give  me  bliss: 
Let  her  in  some  smoke  or  other 
All  my  failings  kindly  smother. 
Often  when  my  thoughts  are  low, 
8end  them  where  they  ought  to  go : 
When  to  study  I  incline. 
Let  her  aid  be  such  as  thine ; 
Such  as  thine  her  charming  power, 
In  the  vacant  social  hour. 
Let  her  live  to  give  delight, 
Ever  warm  and  ever  bright : 
I^t  her  deeds,  when'er  she  di<^a, 
Mount  as  incense  to  the  skies.'* 

The  manufacture  of  Tobacco  for  the  pipe  is 

an  art  in  itself,  the  secrets  of  which  we  will  not 

etray  by  any  description  in  this  hasty  sketch. 

The  varieties  of  this  Tobacco  are  numbered  in 

yriads,  and  are  constantly  receiving  new  names 
r  new  additions.  Virginia,  Maryland,  Kentucky, 
nd  Ohio  supply  most  of  the  American  varieties 
or  the  pipe.  Venezuela  boasts  the  production 
f  the  "  Kanaster,"  so  highly  beloved  on  the  Conti- 
ent  of  Europe.  The  Orientals  point  with  pardon- 
ble   pride    to    the  superb   quality  of   Turkish 

bbacco,  and  especially  to  the  varieties  produced 
n  Salonica,  in  Roumelia,  and  Latakia,  the  ancient 

aodicea,  in  Northern  Syria. 

Pipes  are  made  of  all  sorts  of  materials  and  in 


u 


i 


in 

all  shapes  and  forms.  There  is  no  general  rule  for 
judging  as  to  their  relative  excellence,  unless  it  be 
their  quality  of  absorbing  the  empyreumatic  oil 
which  is  produced  by  the  burning  of  the  Tobacco. 
According  to  this  standard  the  materials  most 
commonly  used  may  be  classified  as  follows  :  1. 
The  corn-cob;  2.  Soft  earthen  pipes;  3.  Meer- 
schaum ;  4.  Hard  earthen  pipes ;  5.  Wooden 
pipes ;   6.  Porcelain  pipes ;   7.  Metallic  pipes. 

The  corn-cob,  the  "  American  pipe,"  which  has 
been  immortalized  as  ihe  favorite  of  General  Jack- 
son, takes  the  lead  as  the  most  wholesome  of  all 
pipes,  on  account  of  its  dryness  and  sponginess, 
which  immediately  absorb  the  oil.  It  is  true,  it  soon 
becomes  foul,  but  then,  it  is  inexpensive,  and  may 
be  easily  replaced  by  a  new  one.  The  democratic, 
I)lain  and  simple  clay-pipe,  or  "  cutty,"  comes 
next  to  it  in  absorbing  quality.  It  is  the  historical 
i:)ipe,  its  antiquity  gaining  it  the  first  place  in  the 
veneration  of  smokers.  It  is  still  the  pipe  of  the 
millions,  and  can  never  be  replaced  in  the  point 
of  cheapness,  popularity,  and  general  utility. 

The  meerschaum  forms  the  aristocracy  among 
pipes.  It  is  soft  and  light  as  a  fleeting  dream, 
creamy,  delicate  and  sweet  as  the  complexion 
of  young  maidenhood.  It  is  tlie  "  apple  of  the 
eye"  of  the  refinja  smoker,  and  though  its  care 
may  give  him  endless  anxiety,  yet  there  is  no 
other  pipe  that  can  give  him  equal  pleasure.   The 


^* 


29 


name '  meerschaum,"  which  means  literally  "  sea- 
foam,"  may  have  its  origin  in  the  fact  that  pieces 
of  the  mineral,  washed  out  of  the  sea-beach,  are 
occasionally  found  floating  on  the  Black  Sea.  Or 
it  may  be  a  German  corruption  of  the  word  myrs&a, 
which  is  the  native  name  for  this  substance  in  its 
Asiatic  home.  It  is,  in  its  original  state,  an  earthy 
mineral,  composed  chiefly  of  silica,  magnesium, 
carbonic  acid,  and  water.  It  is  soft,  smooth,  and 
porous,  and  so  light  that  it  floats  in  water.  The 
greatest  quantity  of  the  mineral  is  found  in  various 
parts  of  Asia  Minor,  where  it  is  mined  out  of  the 
plains  by  means  of  pits  and  galleries.  The  centres 
of  the  Meerschaum-pipe  industry  are,  at  present, 
Vienna,  and  Ruhla  in  Thuringia.  The  pipe,  after 
being  carved  or  turned  into  its  proper  shape,  is 
Tubbed  with  glass-paper,  boiled  in  wax,  sperm a- 
iceti,  or  stearine,  and  polished  with  bone-ashes  or 
ischalk. 


For  "  SOLID  comfort,"  constant  wear  and  tear, 
urability,  and  general  respectability,  we  know  of 
o  pipe  equal  to  the  "  Briar,"  which,  after  all,  is 

[DO  "  Briar  "  at  all,  but  made  from  the  root  of  the 

ree-heath  (Erica  arborea)  or  the  Smilax  laurifoliay 

hich  grow  in  the  south  of  Europe.     Leghorn,  in 

taly,  is  the  centre  of  the  industry  of  briar-pipes. 

he  roots,  taken  out  of  their  native  ground,  are 

Jiere  shaped  into  little  blocks  of  various  sizes, 
^iiich  are  allowed  to  simmer  for  twelve  hours  in 


.11 


30 


a  liquid  of  special  preparation,  until  they  acquire 
a  fine  yellowish-brown  color.  The  blocks  are  then 
exported  to  Nuremberg  in  Bavaria,  or  to  St.  Claude, 
in  the  Jura  region  of  France,  where  they  are  bored, 
finished,  and  distributed  as  "  French  Briars."  ThiB 
English  name  is  a  corruption  of  the  French  word 
"  bruytrc,''^  which  means,  simply,  heather  or  furze. 

The  Geuman  porcelain  pipe,  though  its  mate- 
rial is  non-absorbent,  makes  up,  hygienically,  by 
its  lower  receptaUe  for  collecting  the  oil,  and  by 
the  great  length  of  the  stem,  through  which  the 
smoke  reaches  the  mouth,  cool  and  free  of  im- 
purities. Metallic  pipes,  made  of  silver,  brass,  or 
iron,  are  now  going  out  of  fashion,  but  are  of 
national  use  in  Thibet.  They  are  entirely  imprac- 
ticable, being  easily  heated,  non-absorbent,  and 
conveying  the  smoke  hot  enough  to  burn  the 
tongue. 

The  study  of  pipes,  in  their  various  forms,  is 
an  interesting  branch  of  the  Social  sciences,  such 
as  History  and  Ethnology.  Instructive  collec- 
tions have  been  made  by  many  persons;  the 
largest  ever  formed — consisting  of  no  less  than 
seven  thousand  specimens — was  owned  by  Mr. 
William  Bragge,  of  Birmingham.  It  included 
every  imaginable  variety,  except  one,  which  is 
unique  in  kind,  and  known  as  "  her  Britisli 
Majesty's  own  tobacco  pipe."  Lest  we  give  too 
great  a  shock  to  the  fair  readers — if  these  pages 


31 


til  they  acquire 
blocks  are  then 
orto  St.  Claude, 
e  they  are  bored, 
ch  Briars."  Thii^ 
he  French  word 
heather  or  furze. 

hough  its  mate- 
hygienically,  by 

the  oil,  and  by 
rough  which  the 
and  free  of  im- 
f  silver,  brass,  or 
hion,  but  are  of 
5  entirely  imprac- 
n-absorbent,  and 

gh  to  burn  the 

various  forms,  is 
al  sciences,  such 
istructive   collec- 
ny  persons;    the 
of  no  less  than 
owned  by  Mr. 
m.     It  included 
)t  one,  which  is 
as  "her    Britisli 
Lest  we  give  too 
g_if  these  pages 


should  be  honored  by  any  such — we  will  hasten 
to  explain  that  luis  term  is  popularly  applied  in 
England  to  a  large  cylindrical  kiln,  m  which 
damaged  Tobacco  is  burnt  by  the  custom-house 
authorities. 

Yet  a  few  words  about  some  of  the  parapher- 
nalia of  smoking — the  Tobacco-jar  and  the  pipe- 
stopper.  In  this  country  handsomt  and  conven- 
ient Tobacco-boxes  or  bags^are  generally  supplied 
by  the  manufacturers  of  tlie  Tobacco.  But  in 
Europe,  where  the  Tobacco  is  more  often  bought 
in  paper  packages,  or  loose,  by  the  pound,  much 
attention  is  given  to  the  ornamentation  of  the 
home  receptacles  of  the  Tobacco.  In  Germany, 
especially,  a  handsome  Tobacco-pouch  is  a  "joy 
forever,"  and  ladies  spend  much  time  and  labor 
in  embroidering  I'obacco-bags  as  presents  to  their 
smoking  admirers.  The  old  Tobacco-box,  of  the 
Elizabethan  and  the  subsequent  eras,  was  gener- 
ally oblong,  and  contained  all  the  requirements 
of  the  smoker,  including  the  pipe,  the  Tobacco, 
the  stopper,  and  the  materials  for  lighting  the 
pipe.  The  boxes  were  made  of  silver,  porcelain, 
horn,  glass,  or  tin.  Wealthy  or  enthusiastic 
smokers  often  had  their  boxes  furnished  with 
mottoes  or  inscriptions.  As  a  sample  of  these 
latter  wo  reproduce  the-following : 

"  Three  hundred  years  ago  or  fob 
Aue  worthyc  knight  and  gentlonianne 


iMM 


32 


Did  bring  me  here  to  charm  and  chere 
Ye  physical  and  mental  manne. 
God  rest  his  soule  who  filled  ye  bowl 
And  may  our  blessings  finde  him, 
That  he  not  misse  some  share  of  blisse 
Who  left  so  much  behinde  him." 

Tobacco-stoppers  also  were  formerly  much  in 
use,  and  were  made  in  diverse  forms  and  of  various 
materials,  such  as  wood,  bona,  ivory,  mother-of- 
pearl,  or  silver.     Hawthorne,  our  oft-quoted  phil- 
osopher of  smoking,  in  describing,  step  by  step, 
the  whole  process  of  smoking  a  peaceful  pipe, 
treats  of  this  particular  subject  in  an  exceedingly 
practical  manner.   "  But  we  must  use  our  Tobacco- 
stopper  !     The  heated  embers  have  started  up  so 
high  as  to  be  insecure,  and  require  repression. 
And  what  shall  our  Tobacco-stopper  be?    I  be- 
lieve such  things  are  made  of  malice  prepense,  for 
the  especial  purpose ;  but  I  fancy  only  fine-weather 
smokers  use  them — dilettantijWho  would  not  scruple 
to  puncture  the  end  of  their  cigar  with  a  pin  in- 
stead of  biting  it  off  in  an  honest  and  manly  way. 
The  name  of  our  Tobacco-stopper  is  legion;  a 
pencil,  a  knife-handle,  a  twist  of  paper,  the  fer- 
rule of  a  cane,  the  cork  out  of  the  ink-bottle,  and. 
most  favorite  of  all,  an  old  silver  seal  on  a  corne- 
lian shaft.    Of  all,  however,  not  one  happens  to  be 
within  reach  ;  we  will  not  wrong  ourselves  by  get- 
ting up  from  our  chair  to  searc'    but  will  e'en  use 
the  top  of  our  middle  finger,  which,  to  tell  truth,  has 


,rm  and  chere 
nanne. 
[led  ye  bowl 
nde  him, 
share  of  blisae 
ie  him." 

formerly  much  in 
orms  and  of  various 
3^  ivory,  mother-of- 
)ur  oft-quoted  phil- 
bing,  step  by  step, 
ig  a  peaceful  pipe, 
3t  in  an  exceedingly 
ast  use  our  Tobacco- 
have  started  up  so 

require  repression, 
-stopper  be?  I  be- 
malice  prepense,  for 
icy  only  fine-weather 
rho  would  not  scruple 

cigar  with  a  pin  in- 
nest  and  manly  way. 
itopper  is  legion;  a 
st  of  paper,  the  fer- 
f  the  ink-bottle,  and, 
ilver  seal  on  a  corne- 
ot  one  happens  to  be 
■ong  ourselves  by  get- 
|,rc  but  will  e'en  use 
hich,  to  tell  truth,  has 


33 

one  the  business  innumerable  times  before,  and 
ill  most  likely  be  the  chief  operator  in  the  future. 

e  feel  the  fine  prick  of  the  heat  as  we  stamp  down 
e  ashes,  and  our  finger-tip  is  ash-coated  when  we 
ithdraw  it.   But  we  are  not  disturbed ;  the  smoker 

by  nature  a  philosopher,  and  will  not  much  re- 
ine  even  should  he  find  a  little  brown-edged  hole 
ii  two  on  the  knee  of  his  broadcloth  pantaloons- 
aces  of  the  burning  tears  of  afiection  which  pipea 
casionally  shed." 

Simple  as  nature  itself  is  this  sort  of  a  Tobacco- 
pper ;  yet  there  are  fingers  not  adapted  for  this 
rpose.  Isaac  Newton,  another  famous  philoso- 
er,  found  this  out  to  his  cost.  It  is  recorded  of 
|m,  that  on  one  memorable  occasion,  when  smok- 
absorbedly  at  the  side  of  the  intended  Mrs. 
iwton,  and  afl'ectionately  holding  her  hand  in 
,  he  mistook  her  forefinger  for  his  own,  in  using 
stamp  down  the  ashes  in  his  pipe.  The  effect 
this  excusable  slip  was  quite  surprising.  The 
»ung  lady  took  such  exception  to  the  act  and  to 
e  smoker  himself,  that  the  engagement  was 
oken.  The  moral  lesson  of  this  story  is  ob- 
us. 


8 


r,    "'ipi 


III. 

THE  USES  AND  PLEASURES  OF  TOBACCO. 


The  uses,  pleasures,  and  benefits  of  Tobacco, 
when  taken  in  the  moderation  that  common  sen.-?i 
alone  can  prescribe,  are  many  in  number,  degree. 
and  quality:  positive  and  negative,  mental  and 
physical.  As  a  narcotic  it  absorbs  and  removc.< 
all  sorts  of  natural  obstructions  and  malignities 
that  trouble  man,  and  as  a  stimulant  it  is  of  u^a' 
and  delight  in  calling  forth  new  forces  of  life  an' 
activity.  Even  the  ashes  of  the  plant  can  be  made 
of  use.  Mingled  with  camphorated  chalk,  thev 
offer  an  excellent  tooth-powder.  Ground  witli 
poppy  oil,  they  give  the  painter  a  varied  series  oi 
delicate  grays. 

Beginning  with  the  most  humble  of  its  services 
to  man,  we  find  Tobacco  the  great  friend  of  gar- 
deners and  plant-"* overs,  by  whom  it  is  employe  i 
as  the  best-known  exterminator  of  plant- verm  in, 
Gardeners   sprinkle    their    crops   with   Tobacco- 
water,  to  the  destruction  of  grubs  and  various 
other  insects.     Florists  fumigate  their  hot-houses,;. 
by  burning  Tobacco-stalks,  and,  presto,  the  lice  dis- J 
appear.     It  is  on  the  same  principle  that  smokei«.^ 
are  less  troubled  by  the  attacks  of  fleas,  bed-bugs,^ 

34 


35 


;S  OF  TOBACCO. 

ncfits  of  Tobacco,! 
hat  common  sensi 
ill  number,  degree, 
;ative,  mental  and 
jorbs  and  removes 
LIS  and  malignities 
nulant  it  is  of  usef 
w  forces  of  lifo  and 
plant  can  be  made 
orated  chalk,  they 
er.  Ground  with 
r  a  varied  series  of 

mble  of  its  service-' 
great  friend  of  gar- 
lom  it  is  employe  1 
^or  of  plant-vermin. 
3ps  with  Tobacce- 
grubs  and  various 
,te  their  hot-house.> 
,  presto,  the  lice  dis- 
nciple  that  smokti^ 
s  of  fleas,  bed-bugs, 


jtc,  than  those  who  are  not  inoculated  with 
'obacco.  Mosquitoes,  also,  and  other  cannibals, 
)refer  the  unsmoked  blood  and  flesh  of  man.  It 
on  record  that  the  gentle  natives  of  Oceanica 
lave  refused  to  feast  on  certain  sailors,  whose 
lesh  they  supposed  tasted  too  strongly  of 
backy." 

Medicinal  virtues,  real  as  well  as  imaginary, 
rere  discovered  in  Tobacco  soon  after  its  intro- 
|uction  into  Europe.  "  Queens  and  cardinals 
)wed  to  the  dictum  of  physicians,  who  seemed 
look  upon  the  plant  as  a  divine  remedy  for  most 
iseases,  and  so  speedily  propounded  cures  for  all 
lat '  flesh  is  heir  to '  from  various  applications  of 
that  it  was  also  christened  Herba  Panacea  and 
lerha  Santa.^^  It  was  supposed  to  "  cure  any 
giiefe,  dolour,  imposture,  or  obstruction  proceeding 
fern  colde  or  winde,  especially  in  the  head  or 
l:^ast.  The  fume  taken  in  a  pij^e  is  good  against 
tttme,  catarrhs,  hoarseness,  ache  in  the  head, 
af|)macke,  lungs,  breast :  also  in  want  of  meate, 
^nko,  sleepe,  or  rest."  It  is  still  regarded  as  an 
important  remedy  in  both  the  new  and  the  old 
ailiools  of  medicine. 

Every  smoker  knows  the  benefit  of  Tobacco  as 
90^ aid  to  the  digestion.  What  magic  power  is  there 
^^t  in  a  cigar  or  a  pipe,  which,  after  a  hearty  dinner, 
i^tantly  dissipates  every  feeling  of  heaviness  and 


36 


discomfort,  that  clears  the  brain,  and  sends  a  gen- 
tle wave  of  ease  and  thorough  comfort  through 
every  limb  ?  Physicians  tell  us  that,  in  taking  a 
post-prandial  smoke,  "  in  the  first  place  we  stimu- 
late or  increase  the  normal  activity  of  the  sympa- 
thetic system  of  nerves,  which  is  immediately 
affected  by  Tobacco.  By  so  doing  we  slightly  in- 
crease the  secretion  of  saliva,  and  of  the  gastric, 
pancreatic,  and  intestinal  juices.  We  accomplisli 
these  all-important  secretory  actions  with  a  smaller 
discharge  of  nerve  force ;  we  economize  nerve  force 
in  digestion,  and  by  this  we  mean  to  say  that  wv 
perform  the  work  of  digesting  food  just  as  well  as 
before,  and  still  have  more  of  the  co-ordinating  and 
controlling  nerve-power  left,  with  which  to  per- 
form the  other  functions  of  life.  Thus  at  the  out- 
set Tobacco  exhibits  itself  as  an  economizer  of  life." 
{Flske.) 


n 


*'  There  are  four  ways,"  says  the  authority 
quoted  just  above, "  in  which  Tobacco  may  exhibit 
its  effects  upon  the  nutriti  >^  of  the  body. 

"  1 .  In  stimulant  doses,  by  improving  nutrition, 
it  may  increase  the  normal  weight. 

"  2.  In  stimulant  doses,  by  improving  nutrition, 
it  may  cause  a  diminution  of  weight  abnormally 
produced. 

"  3.  In  narcotic  doses,  by  impairing  nutrition 
it  may  cause  emaciation. 

"  4.  In  narcotic  doses,  by  impairing  nutritioii 


?.»' 


M 


37 


L,  and  sends  a  gen- 
1  comfort  through 
s  that,  in  taking  a 
rst  place  we  stimu- 
vity  of  the  sympa- 
3h  is   immediately 
>ing  we  slightly  in- 
and  of  the  gastric, 
s.     We  accomplish 
tions  with  a  smaller 
onomize  nerve  force 
lean  to  say  that  ^vl 
food  just  as  well  as 
le  co-ordinating  and 
with  which  to  per- 
B.    Thus  at  the  out- 
m  economizer  of  life.'' 


says   the  authority ' 
robacco  may  exhibit 

of  the  body, 
mproving  nutrition. 

eight. 

improving  nutrition 
weight  abnornially 

impairing  nutrition 

impairing  nutrition, 


it  may  aggravate  obesity  instead  of  relieving  it." 
[ence  we  may  see  that  the  good  or  evil  of  Tobacco 
lepends  entirely  upon   loko  uses  it  and  how  it  is 
ised.     It  is  the  same  with  everything  created. 

To  THE  action  of  Tobacco  in  economizing  the 
lervous  force  and  arresting  the  disintegration  of 
Muscular  tissue  is  due  its  power  of  sustaining  life 
iluring  states  of  weariness  and  even  utter  exhaus- 
iition.     It  is  on  record  that  shipwrecked  sailors  on 
i  forlorn  raft  have  outlived  their  horrors  for  a 
week,  subsisting  on  nothing  but  water  and  their 
j^obacco.     Many  another  "  poor  but  honest "  fel- 
low has  relieved  the  pangs  of  an  empty  stomach 
J^  the  same  means.   To  many  a  worn-out  man  and 
yoman  in  extreme  old  age  the  pipe  has  been  a 
def  means  of  nutritior ,  a  never-failing  source  of 
Bmulus  and  comfort. 

Next  to  rest  itself  there  is  no  dispeller  of  weari- 
liiss  equal  to  Tobacco.  What  a  blessing  is  it  not 
to  the  toilers  of  the  earth !  The  soldier  smoking 
!p  his  tent  after  the  long  tramp  of  the  day ,  the 

llor  holding  sweet  communications  with  his 
in  the  stormy  watches  of  the  night;  the 
lt|borer  resting  his  weary  limbs  while  puffing 
ajte  evening  pipe,  these  can  testify  to  the  life- 
^^^nomizing  virtue  of  Tobacco,  no  less  than  the 
ll^fessional  man,  who  finds  in  it  the  best  relaxa- 
Ifen  for  the  over-burdened  brain. 


DO 


What  Tobacco  is  to  a  sailor  may  be  seen  from 
the  following  letter,  written  by  an  English  "  tar :" 

**  Dear  Brother  Tom  : 

"This  comes  hopein  to  find  you  in  good  health,  as  it  ,| 
leaves  me  safe  anchord  here  yistday,  arter  a  pleasant  voy- 
age tolrable  short  and  a  few  squalls. — Dear  Tom — hopes  to 
find  poor  old  father  stout,  and  am  quite  out  of  pig-tail. 
Sights  of  pig-tail  at  Gravesend,  but  unfortenly  not  fit  for 
a  dog  to  chor.  Dear  Tom,  Captain's  boy  will  bring  you 
this,  and  put  pig-tail  in  his  pocket  when  bort.  Best  in 
London  at  the  Black  boy  in  7  diles,  where  go  acks  for 
best  pig-tail — pound  a  pig-tail  will  do,  and  am  short  of 
shirts.  Dear  Tom,  as  for  shirts  onv  took  2  whereof  one 
is  quite  wored  out  and  tuther  most,  but  don't  forget  the 
l)ig-tail,  as  I  aint  had  a  quid  to  chor  never  since  Thurs- 
day. Dear  Tom,  as  for  the  shirts,  your  size  will  do,  only 
longer.  I  likes  um  long — get  one  at  present ;  best  at 
Tower-hill,  and  cheap,  but  be  particler  to  go  to  7  diles  for 
the  pig-tail  at  the  Black  Boy,  and  Dear  Tom,  acks  for 
pound  best  pig-tail,  and  let  it  be  good.  Captain's  boy  will 
put  the  pig-tail  in  his  pocket,  he  likes  pig-tail,  so  ty  it  up. 
Dear  Tom,  shall  be  up  about  Monday  there  or  there- 
abouts. Not  so  perticuler  for  the  shirt,  as  the  present  can 
be  washed,  but  dont  forget  the  pigtail  without  fail,  so  am 
your  loving  brother, 

"J.  P. 

"  P.  S.— Don't  forget  the  pig- tail." 

Of  all  the  benefits  of  Tobacco  to  the  human 
yystem,  the  brain,  and  thus  the  mind,  receives 
probably  the  largest  share.  The  little  papillas  of 
the  tongue  and  the  ramifications  of  the  olfactory 
nerves  in   the  nostrils   open  their  tiny  mouths 


3iJ 


and  drink  in  eagerly  the  finest  essences  of  the 
(stimulant,  which  are,  post-haste,  sent  directly  to 
r  headquarters,"  where,  if  the  brain  be  dull  and 
[weary,  they  act  as  fresh  fuel  to  a  smoldering  fire, 
(or  if  it  be  unduly  excited,  they  bring  tranquillity, 
IS  oil  Ui^/on  troubled  waters.  ''  The  bowl  that 
?heereth,  but  inebriateth  not "  has  been  fitly  inter- 
)reted  as  meaning  the  pipe-bowl. 

Thus  sings  a  poet  of  former  days: 

"  Blest  be  his  shade,  may  laurels  ever  bloom, 
And  breathing  sweets  exhale  around  his  tomb, 
Whose  penetrating  nostrils  taught  mankind 
First  how  by  snuff  to  rouse  the  sleeping  niind." 

{Arbiickle.) 

Nor  do  snuffers  alone  monopolize  this  benefit 
^f  Tobacco.     Here  is  the  experience  of  a  solitary 
loker  : 

f*  But  if  you  are  a  bachelor,  like  me, 

And  spurn  all  chains,  even  though  made  of  roses, 
I'd  recommend  cigars — there  is  a  free 

And  happy  spirit  that,  unseen,  reposes 
On  the  dim,  shadowv  clouds  that  hover  o'er  vou, 
When  smoking  quietly,  with  a  warm  fire  before  you." 

{Halleck.) 


And  Bulwer  adds  this  contribution  to  the  phi- 
)8ophy  of  smoking : 

'*  He  who  doth  not  smoke  hath  either  known 
great  griefs,  or  refuseth  himself  the  softest 


j^^-Si^fH-A 


""t^ii  i< 


40 

consolation  next  to  that  which  comes  from 
heaven.  *What,  softer  than  woman?'  whispers 
the  young  reader.  Young  reader,  woman  teases  as 
well  as  consoles.  Woman  makes  half  the  sorrows 
which  she  boasts  the  privilege  to  soothe.  Woman 
consoles  us,  it  is  true,  while  we  are  young  and 
handsoiiie ;  when  we  are  old  and  ugly,  woman 
snubs  and  scolds  us.  On  the  whole,  then,  woman 
in  this  scale,  the  weed  in  that.  Jupiter,  hang  out 
thy  balance  and  weigh  them  both ;  and  if  thou 
give  the  .preference  to  woman,  all  I  can  say  is, 
the  next  time  Juno  ruffles  thee,  O  Jupiter,  try 
the  weed." 


Wise  is  the  woman  who  looks  not  upon  a  pipe 
as  the  rival  to  her  husband's  love,  but  regards  it 
rather  as  her  friend  and  ally  in  keeping  her  worse 
half  good-natured  and  in  her  subjection.  Why 
grudge  him  nis  after-dinner  smoke  ?  Then  is  the 
time  a  diplomatic  wife  will  find  him  most  inter- 
ested in  the  proposed  new  bonnet,  most  lenient 
with  the  latest  bargains,  ai.  d  other  little  feminine 
failings.  Depend  upon  it,  Tobaccc*  is  the  great 
soother  of  domestic  differences;  the  pipe  the 
magic  wand  that  in  a  whiff  disperses  the  host  of 
petty  cares  and  irritations. 

A  PHILOSOPHIC  German  poet,  Friedrich  Marc, 
gives  the  following  happy  tribute  to  the  grief- 
dispersing,  comfort-bearing  virtue  of  the  cigar : 


41 


m 

;h    comes    from 
,man?'  whispers 
woman  teases  as 
half  the  sorrows 
soothe.  Woman 
1  are  young  and 
.nd  ugly,  woman 
lole,  then,  woman 
Jupiter,  hang  out 
oth ;  and  if  thou 
all  I  can  say  is, 
ee,  O  Jupiter,  try 


is  not  upon  a  pipe 
ve,  but  regards  it 
keeping  her  wor^e 
subjection.    Why 
oke?    Then  is  the 
\  him  most  inter- 
net, most  lenient  | 
iher  little  feminine  | 
[baccc^  is  the  great  | 
les;    the  pipe  the 
sperses  the  host  of 

It,  Friedrich  Marc, 
Ibute  to  the  grief- 
lue  of  the  cigar : 


"  The  warmth  of  thy  glow, 
Well-lighted  eigiir, 
Makes  happy  thoughts  flow, 
And  drives  sorrow  afar. 

"The  stronger  the  wind  blows, 
The  brighter  thou  burnest  I 
The  dreariest  of  life's  woi^a 
Less  gloomy  thou  turnest. 

**  As  I  feel  on  my  lip 
Thy  unselfish  kiss ; 
Like  thy  flame-coloured  tip, 
All  is  rosy-hued  bliss. 

"  No  longer  does  sorrow 
Lay  weight  on  my  heart ; 
And  all  fears  of  the  morrow 
In  joy -dreams  depart. 

*'  Sweet  cheerer  of  sadness  I 
Soft  beckoning  star  I 
I  greet  thee  with  gladness, 
My  friendly  cigar." 

"The  great  Peace-maker"  is,  perhaps,  the 
proudest  of  Tobacco's  many  titles.  Its  beniticent 
influence  upon  belligerent  mankind  has  been,  and 
is  most  wonderful.  Over  the  pipe  of  peace  the 
savage  bands  of  our  native  forests  settled  their 
bloody  disputes.  Over  a  friendly,  sociable  cigar 
modern  diplomats  arbitrate  international  compli- 
cations. Who  knows  but  that  many  a  war  may 
have  been  averted  of  late  years,  and  millions  of 
human  lives  saved  by  the  timely  introduction  oi 


•.'^,\iyV^i  it  •■.•.'!'■  ^"T't'PSS'W 


42 

the  cigar-box.  Lord  Clarendon,  the  famous  Eng- 
lish statesman,  held,  that  "  Tobacco  is  the  key  to 
diplomacy."  "  Diplomacy  is  entirely  a  question 
of  the  weed.  I  can  always  settle  a  quarrel 
if  I  know  beforehand  whether  the  plenipoten- 
tiary smokes  Cavendish,  Latakia,  or  Shag." 
Prince  Bismarck  believes  in  the  same  policy, 
which,  in  the  common  affairs  of  life,  is  confirmed 
l)y  the  daily  experience  of  every  business  man. 

A  SOCIABLE  SMOKE  opcus  the  flow  of  soul  where 
frozen  dullness  reigned  before.  It  makes  men 
take  larger,  loftier  views  of  principles  and  persons. 
It  induces  patience  and  mutual  forbearance,  gen- 
erosity and  general  good  feeling.  Yet  two  more 
of  its  benefits :  it  develops  and  nourishes  the 
sense  of  humor,  and,  perhaps  the  greatest  of  its 
blessings,  it  makes  men  more  silent,  compels  them 
to  do  less  mischief  with  their  tongues,  and  renders 
them,  instead,  more  thoughtful  and  deliberate. 

The  angler  is  a  noble  specimen  of  what  smok- 
ing does  for  a  man.  Angling  without  smoking  is 
unthinkable.  The  smoking  fisherman  is  wide- 
awake yet  patient,  eager  yet  quiet.  Talking  is  a 
nuisance  to  him.  It  disturbs  the  fish  and  endan- 
gers the  light  of  the  pipe.  Good  old  Izaak  Walton 
himself  was  a  capital  smoker,  as  appears  from  his 
immortal  book,  The  Complete  Angler.  His  followers 
have  kept  up  the  custom  with  pleasure  and  profit. 
In  no  situation  is  a  smoker  more  content  than 


43 


i  famous  Eng- 
is  the  key  to 
ely  a  question 
ttie   a   quarrel 
le  plenipoten- 
a,    or     Sliag." 
i  same  policy, 
fe,  is  confirmed 
usiness  nian. 

V  of  soul  where 
It  makes  men 
les  and  persons, 
orhearance,  gen- 
Yet  two  more 
nourishes  the 
greatest  of  its 
t,  compels  them 
;ues,  and  renders 
d  deliherate. 

In  of  what  smok- 
[lout  smoking  is 
erman  is  wide- 
it.     Talking  is  a 

fish  and  endan- 

►Id  Izaak  Walton 

lappears  from  his 

r.    His  followers 

ixsure  and  profit. 

,re  content  than 


when  sitting  with  his  pipe  and  rod  under  the 
shade  of  a  tree  upon  the  cool  bank  of  a  j)lcasant 
stream,  contemphiting  tlie  float  and  the  ever-vary- 
ing life  of  man,  far  away  alike  from  mosquitoes 
and  "  from  the  madding  crowd's  ignoble  strife." 

Smoking,  no  less  than  angling,  is  well  termed 
"  the  contemplative  man's  recreation."  Most 
smokery  are  thoughtful  men,  and  tlie  greatest 
thinkers  have  also  been  smokers.  Smoking,  as  it 
were,  liberates  the  mind  from  the  gross  material 
body,  and  as  the  airy  clouds  and  ringlets  ascend 
on  high,  the  thoughts  unbound  by  space  and  time 
take  a  similar  upward  flight.  Well  has  old  Sir 
Roljcrt  Ay  ton  expressed  this  process  in  a  sonnet: 

"  Forsaken  of  all  comforts  but  these  two, 

My  faggot  and  my  pipe,  I  sit  to  muse 

On  all  my  crosses,  and  almost  excuse 
The  Heavens  for  dealing  with  me  as  they  do. 
When  Hope  steps  in,  and  with  a  smiling  brow, 

Such  cheerful  expectations  doth  infuse 

As  make  me  think  ere  long  I  cannot  choose 
But  be  some  grancfee,  whatsoe'r  I'm  now. 
But  having  spent  my  pipe,  I  then  perceive 
That  hopes  and  dreams  are  cousins — both  deceive. 

Then  mark  I  this  conclusion  in  my  mind, 
It's  all  one  thing — both  tend  into  one  scope- 
To  live  upon  Tobacco  and  on  Hope, 

The  one's  but  smoke,  the  other  is  but  wind." 

No  LESS  instructive  is  the  following  analogy  be- 
tween Tobacco  and  the  life  of  man : 


mm 


mr 


! 


44 


"  Tobacco's  but  an  Indian  weed, 
Grows  green  at  morn,  cut  down  at  eve, 
It  shows  our  decay,  we  are  but  clay  : 
Think  of  this  when  vou  smoke  Tobacco. 

"The  pipe  that  is. so  lily  white, 
Wherein  so  many  take  delight, 
Is  broke  with  a  touch— man's  life  is  such : 
Think  of  this  when  you  smoke  Tobacco. 

"  The  pipe  that  is  so  foul  within, 
Shows  how  man's  soul  is  stained  with  sin, 
And  then  the  fire  it  doth  require : 
Think  of  this  when  you  smoke  Tobacco. 

"  The  ashes  Miat  are  left  behind, 
Do  serve  to  put  us  p^\  in  mind. 
That  unto  dust  rett  a  we  must : 
Think  of  this  when  you  smoke  Tobacco. 

"  The  smoke  that  does  so  high  ascend. 
Shows  us  man's  life  inust  have  an  end ; 
The  vapor's  gone — man's  life  is  done: 
Think  of  this  when  vou  smoke  Tobacco." 

— From  ''Pills  to  purge  Melancholy"  edited  by  D'  Urfey,  in  1719. 

But,  aside  of  all  these  benefits  and  uses  of  To- 
bacco, what  use  is  greater  than  the  pleasure  itself 
which  it  gives  to  mankind  ?  "All  work  and  no 
play  makes  Jack  a  dull  boy."  There  is  a  positive, 
a  most  important  use  in  every  innocent  pleasure 
that  man  is  able  to  enjoy.  What  is  life  without 
delight  but  a  dreary  waste  or  a  lifeless  mechanism  ? 
And  every  smoker  who  has  not,  by  sheer  excess, 


45 


innocent  pleasure 
hat  is  life  without 
•eless  mechanism  ? 
,t,  by  sheer  excess, 


ruined  his  abilitj'"  to  enjoy  Tobacco  in  an  innocent 
manner,  knows  that  there  are  few,  if  any,  physical 
pleasures  that  are  more  constant,  more  inexpen- 
sive, more  delightful,  and  more  generally  helpfu^ 
to  mind  and  body  than  the  pleasure  of  smoking. 
*'  Tobacco,  coffea,  opium,  and  wine,"  says  an  epi- 
curean proverb  of  the  Turks,  "  are  the  four  ele- 
ments of  the  world  of  enjoyment,  the  four  pillows 
of  the  couch  of  pleasure."  We  would  reduce 
these  to  the  two  simple  substances.  Wine  and  To- 
bacco, twin  monarchs  of  the  world  of  harmless 
enjoyment,  when  used  in  the  manner  in  which 
they  were  intended. 

The  all-embracing  pleasures  of  smoking  have 
been  summed  up  thus : 

"  A  pipe  of  the  Nicotian  leaf 
Is  true  nepenthe  balm  for  every  grief, 
While  other  joys  one  sense  alone  can  measure, 
This  to  all  senses  gives  ecstatic  pleasure. 

"  You  feel  the  radiance  of  the  glowing  bowl, 
Hear  the  soft  murmuring  of  the  burning  coal, 
Smell  the  sweet  fragrance  of  the  honey-dew, 
Taste  its  strong  pungency  the  palate  through, 
See  the  blue  cloudlets  circling  to  the  dome, 
Imprisoned  skies,  up-floating  to  their  home." 

{John  Brougham.) 


H' 


li    !i 


IV. 

THE   HYGIENE   AND   ETIQUETTE   OF 

TOBACCO. 


From  the  time  of  "  sainted  "  King  James  I  until 
the  present  day  the  controversy  on  the  "  Tobacco 
question "  has  raged  continuously.  Monarchs 
have  legislated  against  the  use  of  the  stimulant ; 
doctors  have  held  it  up  as  the  cause  of  nearly  all 
diseases  that  have  afflicted  humanity ;  reformers 
and  "  cranks  "  of  all  descriptions  have  proved  it 
to  their  own  satisfaction  the  greatest  of  all  spir- 
itual, moral,  and  social  evils.  But  oppression, 
theorizing,  ridicule,  and  denunciations  have  made 
Tobacco  only  the  more  popular.  Undisturbed  by 
the  tempest  on  the  surface,  the  silent  substrata  of 
the  smoking  world  have  continued  quietly  but 
persistently  to  enjoy  the  benefits  and  pleasures  of 
the  great  soothing  and  comforting  equalizer  of 
human  existence. 

"Who  shall  decide,  when  doctors  disagree?" 
And  never  was  there  such  a  disagreement  amongst 
them  as  on  the  subject  of  Tobacco.  In  such  a 
case,  what  can  the  simple-hearted  smoker  do  but 
to  accept  the  situation  such  as  it  is,  think  accord- 
ing to  his  own  judgment,  and  do  his  own  sweet 

46 


47 

pleasure,  unruffled  by  the  outcries  of  well-meaning 
but  misguided  zealots  who  would  offer  him  tooth- 
picks and  soda-water  for  the  pipe  and  the  flagon. 

"  Slowly,  but  surely,"  they  tell  us,  "  Tobacco  is 
undermining  the  physical  and  mental  vitality  of 
the  race,  shortening  the  life  of  the  individual,  ruin- 
ing the  ners^ous  system,  vitiating  the  blood,  poison- 
ing the  brain,  inducing  loss  of  memory,  insanity," 
etc.,  etc.  Without  entering,  here,  upon  the  rationale 
of  the  question,  we  would  merely  venture  to  ask  for 
an  explanation  ot  the  fact  that  the  human  race  is 
still  in  existence,  after  centuries  of  continuous  and 
universal  indulgence  in  the  "  deadl}'  "  Tobacco 
habit ;  how  it  is  that  the  average  length  of  human 
life  is  as  great  now  as  it  ever  was ;  that  men — of 
whom  nine  out  of  ten  arc  smokers  — are  not  less 
vigorous,  healthy,  and  long-lived  than  their  fe- 
male counterparts,  who  as  a  rule  abstain  from  the 
use  of  Tobacco  ?  Stubborn  facts  these,  which  the 
theorists,  in  lack  of  more  palpable  materials,  may 
put  into  their  pipe  and  smoke  to  aid  their  mental 
digestion. 

If  Tobacco  shortens  the  life,  how  is  it  that  wo 
hear  almost  daily  of  men  who  have  lived  to  the 
age  of  eighty  or  ninety  years,  or  even  longer,  in 
daily  intercourse  with  their  pipe  or  (jiiid  ?  Instances 
such  as  these  may  not  prove  that  men  must 
smoke,  but  are  of  at  least  equal  weight  in  the 
argument  with  those  shining  examples  of  long- 


'.IM   ",  l,.T^"^^WT^*"« 


mm^ 


48 


lived  non-smokers  which  the  reformers  hold  up 
before  a  sinful  world. 

"  When  a  man  begins  to  smoke  he  immediately 
becomes  a  hog !"  We  must  believe  this  profound 
axiom  on  no  less  an  authority  than  Horace  Greeley. 
Alas  for  dear  old  Horace  I  With  even  more  reason 
might  he  have  been  answered  :  "  When  a  man  be- 
gins to  vapor  thus  he  immediately  becomes  an 
ass !"  It  reminds  us  of  a  clergyman  who  said  to 
another  in  the  same  office :  "  Brother,  is  it  possible 
you  smoke  Tobacco  ?  Pray,  give  up  the  unseemly 
practice.  Even  a  pig  would  not  smoke  so  vile  a 
weed."  "  My  dear  brother,"  was  the  mild  reply, 
"  do  yoio  smoke  ?"  "  Indeed  not  !'^  (with  virtuous 
horror).  "  Then,  dear  brother,  who  is  more  like 
the  pig — you  or  I  ?" 

"  But  smoking  makes  men  selfish,  and  oblivious 
to  the  comfort  of  others."  We  have  known  of  a 
few  individuals  of  the  hu'^.ian  race  who  were  selfish 
even  before  they  began  the  practice,  and  occasion- 
ally a  non-smoker  is  met  with  who  would  not  be 
ready  to  give  up  everything  for  his  neighbor.  On 
the  other  hand,  history  tells  of  some  smokers  who 
have  been  brave  patriots,  loving  husbands  and 
fathers,  steadfast  friends,  refined  and  gallant  gentle- 
men. Was  this  in  spite  of  smoking,  or  on  account 
of  smoking,  or  quite  independently  of  smoking? 
*'  Well,  but  smoking  certainly  leads  to  drinking." 
Yes !  in  the  same  way  that  drinking  leads  to  eating. 


49 


mers  hold  up 

le  immediately 
e  this  profound 
aorace  Greeley. 
ren  more  reason 
^hen  a  man  be- 
jly  becomes  an 
an  who  said  to 
ler,  is  it  possible 
ip  the  unseemly 
smoke  so  vile  a 
the  mild  reply, 
'^  (with  virtuous 
ho  is  more  like 

sh,  and  oblivious 
lave  known  of  a 
who  were  selfish 
ce,  and  occasion- 
10  would  not  be 
is  neighbor.    On 
me  smokers  who 
g  husbands  and 
nd  gallant  gentle- 
n^.  or  on  account 
itly  of  smoking? 
ads  to  drinking." 
Qg  leads  to  eating. 


The  social  glass  does  seem  incomplete  without  the 

cigar,  and  the  pleasure  of  smoking  is  enhanced 

by  wine.     We  confess  this  awful  heresy  without 

a  blush  on  our  brow.     Both  wine  and  Tobacco 

were  given  by  a  bountiful  Providence  for  the  right 

use  and   enjoyment  of   man.      Like  two  good 

friends  they  balance  each  other,  and,  as  it  ^^ere, 

I  rub  ofif  each  other's  corners  by  mutual  solution 

[and  absorption.     But,  pray,  distinguish  between 

irinking  and  drunkenness.     Some  nations,  such 

[as  the  English   and  German,  are   free   drinkers 

[and  great  smokers,  but  then  our  Teutonic  and 

)axon  ancestors  drank   even  more  in  the  bar- 

[barous  times,  when  smoking  was  unknown.     Con- 

jider,  on  the  other  hand,  the  romanic  nations — 

[Italians,  Spaniards,  South  Americans.  They  smoke 

IS  freely  as  other  people,  yet  drunkenness  is  prac 

tically  uuKnown  amongst  them.     Let  our  zealous 

^orld-menders  spend   their  energies  in  the  all- 

ibsorbing  occupation  of  "  minding  their  own  af- 

lirs,"  in  combatting  the  real  evils,  of  which  our 

md  their  own  nature  have  a  common  share.    But 

this  may  be  less  attractive  than  to 

"  Compound  for  sins  they  are  inclined  to, 
By  damning  those  they  have  no  mind  to." 

The  real  question  at  issue  is  not  the  one  of  use 
)r  no  use,  but  of  use  or  abuse.     While  Nicotine, 

its  essential,  extracted  state  is  admitted  to  be  a 
>oi8on — a  drop  of  it  being  enough  to  kill  a  cat 
4 


]  j|fr= 


50 


instantly — ihis  does  not  make  Tobacco  a  poison 
any  more  than  a  leg  of  mutton  is  poison,  even 
though  there  is  enough  salt  of  potash  in  it  to  kill 
anybody  who  would  be  foolish  enough  to  extract 
it  from  the  meat  and  eat  it.  There  is  poison  in 
almost  anything  you  can  think  of,  if  it  be  chem- 
ically separated  from  its  harmonious  combination 
with  other  substances,  even  as  a  certain  amount 
of  self-love  enters  into  almost  every  thought, 
affection,  or  act  of  the  man  of  this  world  Bin 
this  should  not  prevent  us  from  enjoying  the 
good  things  of  the  world  or  from  accepting  un- 
suspectingly the  kind  offices  of  our  fellow-men. 
It  is  not  wine  that  makes  the  drunkard  or  gold 
that  makes  the  thief  It  is  the  blind  ignorance,  or 
the  false  persuasions,  or  the  willfully  evil  inten- 
tions that  substitute  abuse  for  legitimate  use. 


"  But  even  a  moderate  use  of  Tobacco  is,  at  the 
very  outset,  repugnant  and  immediately  harmful 
to  human  nature.  Every  smoker  can  and  must 
acknowledge  this  out  of  his  own  experience." 
Even  so  can  the  sailor  or  the  traveler  bear  witness 
to  the  unpleasant  effects  of  his  first  sea-voyage, 
The  second  smoke  and  the  second  voyage  is  gene- 
rally attended  by  less  inconveniences.  Almost 
every  acquired  taste  or  habit  is  at  first  unpleasant. 
Pickled  olives,  raw  oysters,  or  tomatoes,  and  many 
other  things,  are,  in  most  cases,  at  first  utterly  I 
repulsive,  even  sickening,  to  the  foreigner.     Yet 


51 

how  soon  does  he  not  become  accustomed  to  these 
good  things  ?  Every  acquaintance  is  more  or  less 
strange  on  the  first  introduction.  Against  some 
we  may  even  conceive  a  violent  dislike  and  preju- 
dice at  first  sight,  yet  in  the  end  they  may  prove 
themselves  trustworthy  and  life-long  friends. 

The  moral  of  our  philosophy  is  this  simple 
one,  that  men  may  smoke,  but  should  not  over- 
smoke. The  efiects  of  the  abuse  of  Tobacco  are 
many  and  serious.  We  cannot  enter,  here,  upon 
an  enumeration  of  all  the  symptoms  thus  pro- 
duced, but  may  state  in  general  that,  though  even 
raw  excess  has  never  been  known  to  originate  a 
specific  disease,  still  it  reduces  the  system  to  a  low 
condition,  making  it  unfit  to  fight  against  ailments 
brought  on  by  other  causes.  Children  and  young 
people,  whose  systems  have  not  yet  reached  matur- 
ity, and  whose  minds  have  not  yet  developed  the 
rationality  which  can  discern  between  use  and 
abuse,  should  be  withheld,  in  totOj  from  indulgence 
in  Tobacco ;  they  have  vitality  enough  without 
the  stimulant,  and  the  premature  irritation  of  the 
tender  nerves  may  induce  permanent  injury.  But 
probably  the  greatest  harm  of  Tobacco  to  the 
immature  is  that  its  use,  like  that  of  spirituous 
liquors,  introduces  them  prematurely  into  the 
state  of  manhood.  The  ill  effects  are  thus  more 
mental  than  physical,  but  are,  in  consequence,  thfi 
more  to  be  avoided. 


52 


Members  and  friends  of  the  "Anti-Tobacco 
League  "  are  freely  offered  whatever  comfort  they 
may  be  able  to  derive  from  the  following  report  of 
a  speech  by  Professor  Huxley,  delivered  at  a  meet- 
ing of  the  "  British  Association,"  when  the  subject 
of  smoking  was  under  debate.  "  For  forty  years  of 
my  life,"  said  this  great  scientist,  "  Tobacco  has 
been  a  deadly  foe  to  me."  {Loud  cheers  from  the 
anti'tobacconists.)  "  In  my  youth,  as  a  medical 
student,  I  tried  to  smoke.  In  vain !  At  everv 
fresh  attempt  my  insidious  foe  stretched  me  pros- 
trate on  the  floor."  (Repeated  cheers.)  "  I  entered 
the  navy;  agnin  I  tried  to  smoke,  and  again  met 
with  a  defeat.  I  hated  Tobacco.  I  could  almost 
have  lent  my  support  to  any  institution  that  had 
for  its  object  the  putting  of  Tobacco  smokers  to 
death."  (^Vociferous  applause.)  "A  few  years 
ago  I  was  in  Brittany  with  some  friends.  We 
went  to  an  inn.  They  began  to  smoke.  They 
looked  very  ii^appy,  and  outside  it  was  very  wet 
and  dismal.  T  thought  I  would  try  a  cigar." 
(Murmurs.)  "  i  did  so."  {Great  expectations.) 
*'  I  smoked  that  cigar.  It  was  delicious." 
(Groans.)  ''  From  that  moment  I  was  a  changed 
man ;  and  I  now  feel  that  smoking  in  moderation 
is  a  comfortable  and  laudable  pratice,  and  is  pro- 
ductive of  good."  (Dismay  and  confusion  of  the 
anti-tobacconists.  Roars  of  laughter  from  the  smokers.) 
"  There  is  no  more  harm  in  a  pipe  than  there  is 
in  a  cup  of  tea.     You  mn}'^  poison  yourself   by 


WMMWW'M'. - 


53 


'Anti-Tobacco 
•  comfort  they 
►wing  report  of 
ered  at  a  meet- 
len  the  subject 
r  forty  years  of 
"  Tobacco  has 
cheers  from  the 
1,  as  a  medical 
iin!     At  every 
itched  me  pros- 
rs.)    "  I  entered 
,  and  again  met 

I  could  almost 
itution  that  had 
icco  smokers  to 

"A  few  years 
le  friends.  We 
)  smoke.  They 
it  was  very  wet 
^^  try  a  cigar." 
>at  expectations.) 
Iwas    delicious." 

I I  was  a  changed 
Lg  in  moderation 
,tice,  and  is  pro- 

confusion  of  the 
from  the  s7}\okers.) 
^e  than  there  is 
son  yourselt  by 


drinking  too  much  green  tea,  and  kill  your- 
self by  eating  too  many  beefsteaks.  For  my 
<jwn  part,  I  would  consider  that  Tobacco,  in  mod- 
eration, is  a  sweetener  and  equaUzer  of  the  tem- 
per." (^Total  rout  of  the  anti-tobacconists,  and  com- 
flete  triumph  of  the  smokers.) 

The  controversy  has  been  well  epitomized  in 
the  following  "  Ode  to  Tobacco,"  which  our  ascetic 
lirethren  may  hymn  to  the  tune  of  "  The  skeleton 
in  armor :" 

"  Thou  who,  when  fears  attack, 
Bids  them  avaunt ;  and  black 
Care,  at  the  horseman's  back 

Perching,  unseatest ; 
Sweet  when  the  morn  is  gray ; 
Sweet,  when  they've  cleared  away 
Lunch  ;  and  at  close  of  day 

Possibly  sweetest : 

*  I  have  a  liking  old 
For  thee,  though  manifold 
Stories,  I  know,  are  told, 

Not  to  thy  credit ; 
How  one  (or  two  at  most) 
Drops  make  a  cat  a  ghost— 
Uselesp,  except  to  roast — 

Doctors  have  said  it. 

"  How  thoy  wlio  une  fusees 
All  grow  by  hIow  degrees 
JiruinlcHK  an  chimpanzees, 
^loagjv  as  lizards; 


I 


54 

Go  mad,  and  beat  their  wivea 
Plunge  (after  shocking  lives) 
Bazors  and  carving  knives 
Into  their  gizzards. 

"  Confound  such  knavish  tricks ! 
Yet  know  I  five  or  six 
Smokers  who  freely  mix 

Still  with  their  neighbors ; 
Jones  (who,  I'm  glad  to  say, 
Asked  leave  of  Mrs.  J — ) 
Daily  absorbs  a  clay 

After  his  labors. 

**  Cats  may  have  had  their  goose 
Cooked  by  Tobacco-juice ; 
Still,  why  deny  its  use 

Thoughtfully  taken  ?  * 

We're  not  as  tabbies  are : 
Smith,  take  a  fresh  cigar! 
Jones,  the  tobacco-jar ! 
*  Cranks '  be  forsaken !" 

(C.  S.  Calverlfif). 

We  may  now  be  permitted  to  offer  our  fellow- 
sinners  the  following  practical  hints  as  to  the  Hy- 
giene and  Etiquette  of  smoking — the  results,  not 
of  our  own  unaided  wisdom,  but  of  the  collective 
experience  of  many  generations. 

First  and  last,  be  moderate  in  your  use  of  To- 
bacco as  in  your  use  of  anything  else.     Don't  ask 
anybody  else  how  much  you  should  smoke.    You 
are  your  own  and  only  judge.    To  some  men  onej 
single  cigar  or  pipe  may  be  excess.  To  others  half 


55 


a  dozen  may  be  moderation.  Every  man  of  com 
mon  sense  can  soon  tell  how  much  is  good  for  him 
on  any  particular  occasion.  When  you  feel  the 
least  inconvenience  it  is  the  right  time  to  stop. 
If,  by  excess,  you  have  entirely  lost  your  self-con- 
trol, you  had  better  "swear  off"  altogether  for  a 
time.  Rest  is  very  useful  after  a  hard  run.  But 
don't  blame  the  Tobacco  for  your  condition. 
Blame  yourself  alone.  Freedom  is  the  most  pre- 
cious thing  of  human  life.  Don't  permit  your- 
self to  become  a  slave  to  Tobacco,  or,  to  speak 
more  correctly,  to  your  own  blind  and  greedy  ap- 
petite.    Be  a  man  ! 


When  you  smoke,  smoke  good  Tobacco,  so  as 
not  to  give  unnecessary  offense  to  "the  weaker 
brethren."     Be  intelligent  in  your  pleasures  as 
you  are  in  your  business.    Make  a  study  of  To- 
Ibacco  in   its  various   forms    and    qualities   and 
[brands,  and  find  that  which  best  suits  your  sys- 
tem and  your  tastes.     Treat  your  smoking  mate- 
[rials  with  care  and  consideration  as  you  would 
j'our  friends.     Be  careful  to  keep  your  Tobacco 
Iry  and  fresh.     (Do  not  keep  your  friends  dry, 
[however.)     In  smoking  dry  Tobacco,  the  Nicotine 
dmost  entirely  evaporates  into  the  air,  as  it  be- 
jomes  volatile  at  the  temper  of  combustion.     But 
If  the  Tobacco  be  moist,  the  Nicotine  is  dissolved 
[n  the  humidity,  and  enters  with  it  into  the  sys- 
jm  of  the  smoker.    For  the  same  reason,  don't 


'r.'jfWWtSnsMn 


56 

smoke  a  cigar  to  the  last  end,  and  don't  chew  the 
stump ! 

The  questions  of  "  where  "  and  "  when  '■  are  also 
of  importance  to  the  scientific  and  considerate 
smoker.  Following  the  depraved  instincts  of 
human  nature,  many  veteran  smokers  prefer  a 
small  close  den  in  offering  their  incense  to  the 
genius  of  Nicotiana.  Yet  the  fact  remains  that 
smoking  is  most  wholesome  in  the  open  aii  (when 
the  wind  is  not  too  high),  or  in  a  large,  well-ven- 
tilated room.  Again,  and  as  a  general  rule,  don't 
smoke  on  an  empty  stomach  just  before  a  meal. 
The  absorption  of  the  Nicotine,  under  such  con- 
ditions, takes  place  more  rapidly,  as  the  absorbing 
vessels  on  your  tongue  then  open  wide  their  hun- 
gry little  mouths.  The  secretion  of  saliva,  also» 
which  is  so  necessary  to  the  proper  digestion  of 
food,  is  then  unduly  excited,  and  brings  on  an 
equally  undue  stimulation  of  the  gastric  glands, 
which,  in  consequence,  pour  their  juice  into  the 
empty  stomach,  and  produce  a  feeling  of  nausea 
and  constriction.  Smoking  before  the  meal,  there- 
fore, causes  a  sheer  waste  of  the  alimentary  forces. 
But  after  dinner !  Then  the  profit  and  pleasure 
of  smoking  become  fully  demonstrated. 

How  to  smoke?  The  golden  rule  <ji  modera- 
tion involves  the  ^^festlna  lente,^''  "hasten  slowly." 
The  more  slowly  you  smoke,  the  more  gradual  is 


St«sflfiai««at*.»»»'»  - 


57 


>n't  chew  the 


ule  <ji  modera- 


the  absorption  of  the  Nicotine,  and  the  more  pro- 
longed ia'the  pleasure  of  smoking.  Be  composed, 
and  ever  under  perfect  self-control.  Greed  is  at  all 
times  unworthy  of  true  manhood.  And  don't  in- 
dulge in  the  habit  of  swallowing  or  inhaling  the 
smoke.  While  it  never  actually  enters  the  lungs, 
as  is  supposed  by  many,  yet  it  is  apt  to  produce 
irritation  of  the  tender  organs  in  the  back  of  the 
mouth  and  the  respiratory  channels.  This  is  a 
frequent  cause  of  tiie  disease  known  as  "the 
smoker's  sore  throat."  Be  cleanly  in  your  smok- 
ing. Keep  your  pipe  clean  and  sweet.  A  dirty 
pipe  is  one  of  the  most  offensive  things  under  the 
sun,  and  one  of  the  most  unwholesome.  The 
oftener  you  clean  it — or,  better  still,  replace  it  for 
a  new  one — the  less  Nicotine  will  bo  absorbed  into 
your  system.  And  if  you  clean  your  pipe  fre- 
quently, why  not  then  also  your  mouth  which  is 
the  continuation  of  your  pipe?  The  creosote, 
which  is  developed  in  the  burning  of  the  Tobacco, 
settles  on  your  teeth  and  mouth,  and  is  really 
more  injurious  than  the  small  amount  of  Nicotine 
which  you  may  absorb.  Remove  it,  and  sweeten 
your  breath  at  the  same  time,  by  the  application 
of  water.  Don't  chew  coffee-beans,  cloves,  pepper- 
mint, or  scented  pellets  to  neutralize  the  stale  odor 
of  the  Tobacco.  A  simple  gargle  of  water,  espe- 
cially when  it  is  heated,  will  do  move  to  propitiate 
your  wife  or  sweetheart  than  any  spices  or  per- 
fumes. 


'^ll 


I    I 


68 


By  all  that  is  wholesome,  dear  smoker,  don't 
indulge  in  the  habit  of  spitting.  You  are  wasting 
one  of  the  best  and  most  necessary  assistants  to 
your  digestion.  "  Habitual  spitting,"  says  Fiske, 
"  incites  the  salivary  glands  to  excessive  secretion, 
thereby  weakening  the  system  to  a  surprising  ex- 
tent, and  probably  lowering  nutrition.  Many  tem- 
perate smokers,  who  think  themselves  hurt  by  To- 
bacco, are  probably  hurt  only  because,  though  in 
all  other  respects  gentlemen,  they  will  persist  in 
the  filthy  habit  of  spitting.  There  is  no  excuse 
for  the  habit,  for  with  very  little  practice  the  de- 
sire to  get  rid  of  the  saliva  entirely  ceasos,  and  is 
never  felt  again." 

In  conclusion,  do  not  let  the  pleasure  of  smok- 
ing interfere  with  your  quality  as  a  gentleman,  as 
a  charitable  man,  and  above  all,  as  a  lover  and 
husband.  Consider  that  there  are  many  to  whom 
the  smell  of  your  cigar  or  pipe  is  unpleasant  and 
even  sickening.  Do  not  insist  upon  smoking  in 
the  presence  of  such  unfortunates,  even  though 
they  should  give  a  half-forced  permission.  Would 
you  be  less  charitable  than  they  ?  Life  is  long,  and 
there  will  be  other  opportunities  for  your  enjoy- 
ment. And  above  all,  be  gallant  and  considerate 
to  the  gentle  sex.  The  company  of  ladies  is,  or 
ought  to  be,  a  pleasure  and  benefit  greater  even 
than  that  of  smoking.  Your  sweetheart  or  wife  is 
after  all  your  best,  most  intimate,  most  dear  and 


Moc«^f<S0mft«^«..  ..X 


r  smoker,  don't 
fou  are  wasting 
try  assistants  to 
ig,"  says  Fiske, 
essive  secretion, 
a  surprising  ex- 
ion.  Manytem- 
Ives  hurt  by  To- 
jause,  though  in 
y  will  persist  in 
re  is  no  excuse 
practice  the  de- 
}ly  ceas>3S,  ana  is 


59 


valuable  friend.  If  she  cannot  overcome  her  dis- 
like to  the  smell  of  Tobacco  upon  your  lips — and 
remember  that  women  cannot  and  ought  not  to 
be  forced — then,  well,  remember  that  water  is 
plentiful,  and  will,  in  most  cases,  remove  the 
obstacle  that  may  hinder  the  sweet  meeting  of 
her  lips  with  yours. 


■■!  I 


M 


leasure  of  smok- 
j  a  gentleman,  as 
I,  as  a  lover  and 
e  many  to  whom 
8  unpleasant  and 
pon  smoking  in 
,es,  even  though 
rmission.  Would 
Life  IS  long,  and 
3  for  your  enjoy- 
.t  and  considerate 
iiy  of  ladies  is,  or 
lefit  greater  even 
eetheart  or  wife  is 
te,  most  dear  and 


.  ^»»V«'ryA  .^  ■ 


V. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  TOBACCO. 


Risking  the  probability  of  being  denouncea  on 
all  hands  as  "  unscientific,"  we  venture  to  ascribe 
to  Tobacco-smoking  an  antiquity  far  greater  than 
is  generally  conceded.  Its  origin  can  be  distinctly 
traced  to  Olympus  itself.  Is  it  to  be  supposed 
that  Jupiter  was  so  uninventive  as  not  to  have 
known  how  to  find  peace  of  mind  in  the  comfort 
of  a  pipe,  after  his  many  domestic  difficulties? 
Was  not  the  goddess  of  love  and  beauty  and 
pleasure  born  out  of  the  foam  of  the  sea?  Do 
we  not  here  see  the  origin  of  "  Meerschaum  "? 
Pan,  the  merry  reveller  of  the  woods,  invented 
the  first  pipe,  as  we  are  told.  Necessitj^  the 
mother  of  inventions,  drove  him  to  discover  the 
original  instrument  of  smoking. 

The  monuments  of  Ancient  Egypt  clearly  suj)- 
j)ort  our  theory.  Here  we  find  depicted  merry 
parties  of  smokers,  puffing  over  a  fire  through 
enormous  tubes.  Soulless  scientists  claim,  indeed, 
that  these  were  nothing  but  glass-blowers,  but 
this  proves  nothing.  Do  not  glass-blowers  even 
now  smoke  pipes? 

60 


61 


ceo. 

lenouncea  on 
are  to  ascribe 
'  (greater  than 
1  be  distinctly 
►  be  supposed 
not  to  have 
In  the  comfort 
c  difficulties? 
beauty  and 
the  sea?     Do 
kleerschaum  "? 
)ods,  invented 
Necessity,  the 
discover  the 


Students  of  the  Classics  are  well  acquainted  with 
the  famous  stanza  of  old  father  Homer : 

"  'QTiS  Kivy  K6?Le  va<z  a/ieppie  ut/J  ffw?., 
a  1^6  a/iippie  wAJ  cwA  va^  ■qe, 

*'He  KoAkkd  apop  if  IltVc,  av6  rje  Ka}<.7ih6  <pop  If  ^a?., 
av6  ije  KoXkiS  <{>op  ig  <j>idd?^pg  d^pee." 

Translated,  literally,  this  verse  reads : 

"  Old  Kirg  Cole  was  a  merry  old  soul, 
And  a  merry  old  soul  was  he , 
He  called  for  his  pipe,  and  he  called  for  his  bowl, 
And  he  called  for  his  fiddlers  three." 

What  clearer  proofs  can  be  given  to  show  that 
pipe-smoking  was  well  known  both  to  the  Greeks 
and  the  ancient  Britons  ? 

Then  we  have  the  "Fairy  pipes,"  or  "Celtic 
pipes,"  which  have  been  found  in  close  proximity 
to  certain  remains  from  the  Roman  occupation  of 
Ireland.  One  of  these  pipes  was  found  in  Kil- 
dare,  in  1784,  still  sticking  in  the  mouth  of  a 
skull  of  unquestioned  antiquity.  Again  skeptical 
scientists  came  forth  to  prove  that  the  pipe  was  a 
common  clay  from  the  Elizabethan  period,  which 
some  practical  joker  had  stuck  between  the  teeth 
of  the  venerable  skeleton.  "  Science  "  will  next 
prove  that  a  moon  is  a  green  cheese  I 

Thus  much  for  prehistoric  smoking.  Coming 
down  to  cold  "  facts,"  we  learn  that  the  custom  of 


!<l/||tiiJ■^ 


I  !1 


ill 


62 

Tobacco-smoking  first  became  known  to  Euro- 
peans in  the  first  week  of  November,  of'  the 
memorable  year  1492.  The  discoverers  of  this 
universal  blessing  to  mankind  were  two  simple 
sailors  whom  Columbus  had  sent  to  explore  Cuba. 
Returning  to  the  ships,  they  reported  +hat  the 
natives  had  a  strange  habit  of  carrying  with  them 
lighted  firebrands,  and  puffing  out  smoke  from 
their  mouths  and  nostrils.  Upon  further  investi- 
gation they  found  that  the  "  firebrands  "  consisted 
of  the  dried  leaves  of  a  certain  plant  which  were 
rolled  up  in  the  leaves  of  the  Indian  corn. 

In  other  islands  the  voyagers  discovered  an- 
other method  of  inhaling  the  smoke.  The  Carib- 
bees  would  scatter  the  dried  leaves  of  the  mys- 
terious plant  upon  glowing  embers  and  receive 
the  smoke  through  a  hollow  instrument  made  in 
the  shape  of  the  letter  Y.  The  upper  tubes  they 
would  thrust  into  their  nostrils  and  the  lower  one 
into  the  smoke.  The  plant  was  called  Kohiba, 
and  the  instrument  Tobago.  The  Spaniards,  after- 
ward, came  to  call  the  plant  itself  Tobaco. 

The  first  exact  description  of  the  plant  and 
the  methods  of  using  it  was  published  in  1526  by 
Don  Gonzalo  Hernandez  da  Oviedo,  viceroy  of 
San  Domingo.  He  is  said  to  have  introduced  the 
plant  into  Spain,  where  it  was  cultivated  for  orna- 
mental purposes  in  gardens.  Other  authorities 
state  that  a  Spanish  physician.  Francesco  Her- 


63 


of  the  plant  and 
lished  in  1526  by 
viedo,  viceroy  of 
e  introduced  the 

iltivated  for  orna- 
Other  authoritieB 


iiandez,  about  the  year  1560,  first  brought  the 
plant  to  Spain,  as  a  present  to  his  "  Most  Catli- 
oHc"  Majesty,  Philip  the  Second.  Would  that 
this  surly  tyrant  had  adopted  the  habit  of  smok- 
ing, as  a  sweetener  of  his  temper  I 

In  the  year  1561,  Tobacco  was  iniroduced  into 
France  by  Jean  Nicot,  Lord  of  Villemain, 
"  Master  of  Requests  of  the  French  King's  house- 
hold." He  had  been  sent  to  Lisbon  in  1559  as 
an  ambassador  to  the  Portuguese  Court,  and  while 
there  he  accidentally  discovered  the  medicinal 
values  of  the  plant.  Upon  his  return  to  Paris  he 
presented  the  Queen,  Catharine  de  Medicis,  with 
some  specimens  of  the  wonderful  herb,  which,  in 
her  honor,  he  named  Herhe  de  la  Reine.  The 
Queen  being  deservedly  unpopular,  this  name 
soon  fell  into  disuse,  and  was  replaced  by  the 
name  ui.  Hiana,  in  honor  of  the  original  importer. 
Under  this  designation  the  plant  became  known 
to  scientists  in  many  parts  of  Europe,  and  the 
name  still  survives  in  that  of  Nicotine,  or  the 
essential  spirit  of  Tobacco. 

Various  dates  have  been  given  for  the  time  of 
the  introduction  of  Tobacco  into  England.  Some 
authorities  give  the  year  1565,  others  1577,  and 
others  again  1586,  but  we  may  safely  say  that  its 
introduction  took  place  at  the  period  of  England's 
rise  to  the  position  of  a  first-class  power.  May 
not  this  political  development  have  been  a  remit 


* 

l\ll-KHI 


I 


04 

of  the  new  inspiration  which  Tobacco  brought  into 
the  island  ?     Qalen  sabe ! 

The  earliest  detailed  account  of  Tobacco  in 
the  English  language  appeared  in  a  volume  trans- 
lated from  the  Spanish  and  published  at  London, 
in  the  year  1577,  under  the  happy  title,  ^^Joyjull 
newes  oute  of  the  newe  founde  worldey  The  best 
authorities  state  that  the  plant  itself  was  not 
brought  to  England  before  the  year  1586,  and 
that  the  original  English  smoker  was  Mr.  Ralph 
Lane,  whom  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  had  sent  out  as 
Governor  of  Virginia.  Sir  Walter  himself,  how- 
ever, is  the  hero  to  whom  English  smokers  point 
with  pride  as  the  one  who  made  smoking  pop- 
ular. Like  every  benefactor  of  humanity,  he  at 
first  had  to  meet  discouragement  from  the  igno- 
rant. Tradition  has  it  that  his  servant,  on  enter- 
ing the  room  where  Raleigh  was  enjoying  his 
newly-found  pipe,  threw  a  bowlful  of  beer  over 
his  master  to  quench  the  "  fire  "  in  his  smoking 
nose. 

Sir  Walter  was  a  great  favorite  with  Queen 
Elizabeth,  who — unprejudiced  woman  that  she 
was — perniiLced  him  to  smoke  his  pipe  in  her 
presence.  It  is  even  said  that  she  went  as  far  as 
to  take  an  occasional  puff*  herself  out  of  a  pipe 
constructed  of  a  walnut-shell  and  a  straw.  Once 
she  made  a  wager  with  her  favorite  that  he  could 
not  tell  the  exact  quantity  of  smoke  that  there 


65 


was  in  a  pound  of  Tobacco.  It  is  said  tliat  Raleigh 
won  the  wager  by  burning  the  pound  of  Tobacco 
and  then  weighing  the  ashes,  the  difference  in  the 
weight  proving  the  weight  of  the  smoke.  The 
Queen  promptly  paid  her  wager,  remarking  that 
though  she  had  known  many  who  had  turned 
gold  into  smoke,  he  was  the  first  she  had  found 
who  could  turn  smoke  into  gold. 

After  the  death  of  this  liberal-minded  queen, 
Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  as  well  as  his  Tobacco,  fell 
into  great  disfavor  with  her  successor,  the  stupid, 
pedantic  tyrant,  James  I.  But  Sir  Walter  re- 
mained faithful  to  his  pipe  through  all  his  adver- 
sities, and  took  his  last  smoke  just  before  going  to 
his  execution.  A  contemporary  historian,  Aubrey, 
relates  that  "  he  tooke  a  pipe  of  Tobacco  a  little 
before  he  went  to  the  scaffolde,  which  some  female 
persons  were  scandalized  at ;  but  I  think  'twas  well 
and  properly  donne  to  settle  his  spirits." 

Ten  years  after  its  first  introduction,  the  habit 
jof  smoking  or  "  drinking  "  Tobacco,  as  it  then  was 
[termed,  was  thoroughly  rooted  in  England.  Phy- 
leicians  everywhere  extolled  its  many  healing  prop- 
|<erties,  and  the  gallants  of  the  court,  who  quickly 
recognized  its  social  virtues,  led  the  whole  people 
Into  the  fashion  of  smoking.  The  manners  of  that 
^ay  are  well  described  by  a  contemporary  writer, 
>ekker,  in  The  GulVs  Horn-hook  (1602)  ;  "  Before 
pie  meat  came  smoking  to  the  board,  our  gallant 
5 


gWite^;iiri1iagiM(i(y,iiyi,iiliiji(li,  .,„.,. 


^m 


66 

must  draw  out  his  Tobacco-box,  tlio  ladle  for  the 
cold  snuff  into  the  nostr^  the  tongs  and  priming- 
iron  ;  all  which  artillery  may  be  of  gold  or  silver, 
if  he  can  reach  the  price  of  it.  Then  let  him  show 
his  several  tricks  in  taking  it,  as  the  whiff,  the 
ring,  etc.,  for  these  are  compliments  that  gaii. 
gentlemen  no  mean  respect." 

This  was  the  golden  age  of  Tobacco  in  England, 
when  poets  sung  of  it  and  authors  wrote  of  it, 
when  the  clergy  recommended  it  and  doctors  pre- 
scribed it.  The  literature  of  the  period  is  full  ol 
allusions  to  the  all-prevailing  custom.  The  doughty 
knight  of  the  pen,  Ben  Jonson,  delivered  himsell 
thus  on  the  subject  through  "  Captain  Bobadil  "  in 
Evenj  Man  Out  of  His  Humour  (1598) :  "  I  do  hohi 
it,  and  will  affirm  it  before  any  prince  in  Europe, 
thtit  Tobacco  is  the  most  sovereign  and  precious 
weed  that  ever  the  earth  tendered  to  the  use  of 
man."  Noble  sentiments,  these,  which  the  author 
took  good  care  not  to  repeat  a  few  years  later, 
when  a  "  Counterblast  to  Tobacco  "  blew  from  tho 
English  throne. 

Samuel  Rowlands,  a  poet  of  the  Elizabethan 
era,  has  enriched  the  literature  of  Tobacco  by  tin 
•following  quaint  effusion  in  its  praise : 

"  Who  durst  dispraise  Tobacco  whilst  the  smoke  is  in  my 

nose, 
Or  say  biit,  Fah !  my  pipe  dotli  smell  "r   I  would  I  kne\v| 

but  those 


67 


)t'  the  Elizabethan 
of  Tobacco  by  tlu| 
praise : 

St  the  smoke  is  in  my 
ilKi    I  would  I  knew  I 


Durst  offer  such  indignity  to  that  which  I  prefer, 
For  all  the  brood  of  blackamoora  will  swear  I  do  not  err. 
In  taking  this  same  worthy  whiff  with  valiant  cavalier, 
But  that  will  make  his  nostrils  smoke,  at  cupps  of  wine 

or  beer. 
When  as  my  purse  cannot  afford  my  stomach  flesh  or  fish, 
I  sup  with  smoke,  and  feed  as  well  and  fat  as  one  can 

w?sh. 
Come  into  any  company  though  not  a  pence  you  have. 
Yet  offer  them  Tobacco,  and  their  liquor  you  shall  have. 
They  say  old  hospitalitie  kept  chimnies  smoking  still ; 
Now  wliat  your  chimnies  want  of  that,  our  smoking  noses 

will. 
'Much  victuals  serve  for  gluttony,  to  fatten  men  like 

swine, 
'  But  he's  a  frugal  man,  indeed,  that  with  a  leaf  can  dine, 
'  And  needs  no  napkin  for  his  hands  his  finger's  end  to 

wipe, 
'But  keeps  Iiis  kitchen  in  a  box,  and  roast  meat  in  a 

pipe.' 

"  This  is  the  way  to  help  down  years,  a  meal  a  day's 

enough ; 
Take  out  Tobacco  for  the  rest  by  pipe  or  else  by  snuff. 
And  you  shall  find  it  physical ;  a  corpulent,  fat  man. 
Within  a  year  shall  shrink  so  small  that  one  his  guts 

shall  span. 
It'«  full  of  physic's  rare  effects,  it  worketh  sundry  ways. 
The  leaf,  green,  dried,  steept,  burnt  to  dust,  have  each 

their  several  praise. 
It  makes  some  solder  that  are  drunk,  some  drunk  of  sober 

sense. 
And  all  the  moisture  hurts  the  brain  it  fetches  smoking 

thence. 
All  the  four  elements  unite  when  you  Tobacco  take. 
For  earth  and  water,  air  and  fire,  do  a  conjunction  make. 


68 


i;"' 


The  pipe  is  earth,  the  fire's  therein,  the  air  the  breathing 

smoke ; 
Grood  liquor  must  be  present,  too,  for  fear  I  chance  to 

choke. 
Here,  gentlemen,  a  health  to  all,  'tis  passing  good  and 

strong. 
I  would  speak  more,  but  for  the  pipe  I  cannot  stay  so 

long." 

The  four  lines  enclosed  within  inverted  com- 
mas have  been  often  quoted  as  a  vindication  of 
smoking. 

It  is  a  curious  fact  that  Shakespeare,  through- 
out his  many  plays,  is  entirely  silent  upon  the 
fashion  of  smoking.  Enthusiasts  think  they  have 
found  an  illusion  to  it  in  tht  metaphor  of  Romeo, 

"  Love  is  a  smoke,  made  with  the  fume  of  sighs ; 
Being  purg'd,  a  fire  sparkling  in  the  lover's  eyes," 

but  this  is  rather  far-fetched.  And  yet  he  must 
have  been  quite  familiar  with  the  custom,  as  every 
gentleman  of  fashion  smoked  like  a  chimney  dur- 
ing the  performance  of  his  plays.  His  silence 
upon  this  subject  appears  intentional.  Perhaps 
he  was  opposed  to  the  habit,  but  did  not  wish  to 
offend  his  audience  by  any  adverse  criticism.  Or 
perhaps — and  more  likely,  as  he  was  a  man  of 
good  taste  and  strong  common  sense — he  approved 
of  it,  but  was  too  prudent  to  offend  "  the  powers 
that  be,"  by  speaking  in  its  favor. 


69 


air  the  breathing 
fear  1  chance  to 


Having  enjoyed  a  *•  golden  age"  during  the 
reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  a  period  of  trial  and 
tribulation  now  began  for  Tobacco  and  its  smok- 
ers, as  well  in  England  as  throughout  the  world. 
In  England  there  reigned  now — 

"  A  gentleman  called  King  James, 
In  quilted  doublet  and  great  trunk  breeches, 
Who  held  in  abhorrence  Tobacco  and  witches." 


No  sooner  had  he  ascended  the  throne  than  he 
"  commanded  or  compelled  "  some  unknown  au- 
thor to  write  a  furious  tirade  against  Tobacco, 
which  was  published  under  the  suggestive  title : 
Work  for  Chimney  Sweepers.  This  brochure  was 
answered  at  once  by  A  Defence  of  Tobacco^  which 
caused  the  royal  zealot  to  take  up  the  cudgel  him- 
self, and  to  send  foilih,  in  1604,  his  famous,  not  to 
say  notorious,  Counterblast  to  Tobacco ^  by  which  he 
hoped  to  drive  from  his  kingdom  the  fume  that 
cheered  and  ascended  from  every  home. 

We  quote  the  following  as  a  specimen  puff  of 
his  violent  tornado:  "Surely  smoke  becomes  a 
kitchen  far  better  than  a  dining-chamber ;  and  yet 
it  makes  a  kitchen  oftentimes  in  the  inward  parts 
of  men,  soyling  and  infecting  with  an  unctuous 
and  oyly  kind  of  soote  as  hath  been  found  in  some 
great  Tobacco  takers,  that  after  death  were  opened. 
A  custom  loathsome  to  the  eye,  harm  full  to  the 
braine,  dangerous  to  the  lungs,  and  in  the  black, 


liPW*l|»H^^*V"'W-*i'^f 


70 

stinking  fume  thereof,  nearest  resembling  the  hor- 
rible Stygian  smoke  of  the  pit  that  is  bottomless." 

The  "  LITERATI "  of  the  court  now  attuned  their 
harps  in  harmony  with  the  royal  pitch.  Ben  Jon- 
son,  in  a  play  that  was  acted  three  times  before 
the  king,  wished  his  majesty's  nose  protected 
especially 

"  From  Tobacco,  with  the  type 
Of  the  devil's  glyster  pipe." 

Joshua  Sylvester,  a  court  poet,  gratified  "the 
Scottish  Solomon  "  by  a  lengthy  poem  with  the 
bombastic  title  :  ^^  Tobacco  battered^  and  the  pipes 
shattered  (about  their  eares  that  idely  Idolize  so  base 
and  barbarous  a  weed;  or  at  leastwise  ovcrlove  so 
loathsome  a  vanitie)  by  a  volley  of  holy  shot,  thun- 
dered from  Mount  Helicon^  We  will  not  weary  the 
reader  by  quoting  from  this  stupid  production  more 
than  the  following  invective  against  Tobacco : 

"  That  Indian  tyrant,  England's  only  [!]  shame. 
''  Thousands  of  ours  he  here  hath  captive  taken, 
Of  all  degrees,  kept  under  slavish  yoak. 
Their  God,  their  good,  king,  country,  friends  forsaken, 
To  follow  FoUie,  and  to  feed  on  smoake." 

The  initiative  of  James  seems  to  have  been 
followed  by  a  wave  of  cruel  persecutions  against 
smokers  in  every  land.  Pope  Urban  VIII,  with 
all  the  awful  pomp  of  the  Vatican,  solemnly  excom- 
municated every  soul  who  in  any  shape  or  form 


71 


mibling  the  hor- 
,t  is  bottomless." 


brought  the  awful  thing,  Tobacco,  into  a  church, 
and  Pope  Innocent  XII  issued  a  further  "  bull " 
against  it.  In  Switzerland  the  act  of  smoking  was 
legally  declared  an  offense,  ranging  in  the  table  of 
crimes  next  to  that  of  adultery.  In  Rrssia  smok- 
ers were  publicly  knouted  for  the  first  ofTense  and 
put  to  death  for  the  second.  Snuffers  were  treated 
more  mildly — they  only  had  their  nostrils  slit 
open.  Sultan  Amurath  IV,  surnamed  "  the  Terri- 
ble," forbade  the  use  of  Tobacco  in  Turkey,  where 
it  had  been  introduced  bv  the  Dutch  in  1605.  The 
Mufti  (the  priests)  joined  in  the  persecution,  d<^.- 
daring  that  the  Koran  contained  a  distinct  proph- 
ecy against  Tobacco !  Some  of  the  votaries  of  the 
})lant  were  strangled,  others  were  conducted  in 
ridicule  through  the  streets  of  Constantinople, 
seated  backwards  on  an  ass  and  with  a  pipe 
thrust  through  the  nose.  A  popular  insurrection, 
in  which  tl  --  troops,  the  janizaries,  and  even  the 
officers  of  the  seraglio  took  part,  soon  put  an  end 
to  the  persecution,  and  the  Turks  couid  hence- 
forth freely  abandon  themselves  to  the  luxury  of 
the  pipe.  In  Persia,  where  Tobacco  had  been 
introduced  previous  to  1590,  Shah  Abbas  the 
Great  forbade  his  army  the  use  of  Tobacco,  under 
the  penalty  of  having  the  nostrils  slit  and  the 
lips  cut  off".  The  offenders,  however,  became  so 
numerous  that  the  edict  had  to  be  annulled,  and 
the  Shah  himself  finallv  succumbed  to  the  bland- 
ishment  of  the  narcotic. 


72 


Tobacco  soon  proved  itself  mightier  than  pope, 
king,  czar,  sultan,  or  shah.  James  I, ''  the  wisest 
fool  in  Christendom,"  forbade  the  cultivation  of 
Tobacco  in  England,  and  raised  its  import  duty  to 
the  monstrous  sum  of  six  shillings  and  ten  pence  per 
pound,  but  he  took  good  care  not  to  prohibit  the 
use  of  the  plant  which  brought  his  treasury  such  a 
royal  income.  Charles  I,  Cromwell,  and  Charles  II 
entertained  a  similar  dislike  to  the  article  and  a 
similar  affection  for  the  revenue.  The  popularity 
of  Tobacco  increased  greatly  during  the  great 
plague  that  visited  London  in  1765,  when  it  was 
everywhere  reported  that  no  tobacconists  or  their 
households  were  afflicted  with  the  scourge.  Phy- 
sicians on  their  visits  to  the  sick  used  it  freely  as 
a  preservative,  and  the  men  who  went  about  with 
the  dead-carts  had  their  pipes  continually  alight. 
The  outcry  against  Tobacco  gradually  ceased,  and 
the  taxes  were  to  some  degree  lightened.  Finally, 
during  the  reign  of  the  Dutchman,  William  III, 
the  patrona,ge  of  Tobacco  became  almost  universal, 
and  all  England  henceforth  smoked  in  security  and 
peace.  On  the  continent  of  Europe  Tobacco  had, 
in  the  meanwhile,  achieved  a  gradual  but  com- 
plete victory.  Governmental  resistance  to  its  con- 
quests proved  futile  everywhere. 


er  than  pope, 
[,  •'  the  wisest 
ultivation  of 
Tiport  duty  to 
i  ten  pence  per 
3  prohibit  the 
•easury  such  a 
md  Charles  II 
article  and  a 
he  popularity 
ing  the  great 
3,  when  it  was 
onists  or  their 
courge.    Phy- 
ed  it  freely  as 
3nt  about  with 
inually  alight, 
ly  ceased,  and 
med.   Finally, 
,  William  III, 
ost  universal, 
n  security  and 
Tobacco  had, 
ual  but  com- 
[nce  to  its  con- 


VI. 

THE  ETHNOLOGY  OF  TOBACCO. 


The  universal  extension  ot  the  smoking  habit 
over  the  face  of  the  globe  is  one  of  the  most  sur- 
prising features  in  the  history  of  our  race.  From 
the  highest  pinnacled  of  civilization  to  the  lowest 
depth  of  savage  barbarism  there  is  not  a  nation  or 
a  tribe  independent  of  that  delightful  bond  wliich 
unites  all  humanity  into  one  vast  brotherhood 
of  smokers.  How  swift  the  triumphal  progres'3 
of  the  all-conquering  weed !  A  few  centuries 
since  its  dominion  was  confined  to  a  few  savage 
or  half-civilized  tribes  in  an  unknown  region  of 
the  world.  Now  its  empire  encircles  the  globe ! 
Where  find  a  parallel  to  such  victories  ? 

Statistics  present  the  following  figures  of  the 
average  consumption  of  Tobacco  by  each  inhab- 
itant— ^male  or  female — of  the  principal  nations 
of  the  civilized  world : 

Holland, 7.0  pounds. 

United  StatcH, 4.5 

Austria, 3.8 

Denmark, 3.7 

Switzerland, 3.3 

Belgium 3.2 

73 


74 


Germany, . 6.0  pounds. 

Norway, 2.3 

France, 2.1        " 

Sweden, 2.0 

Spain, 1.7 

Great  Britain 1.34      " 

Italy 1.25      * 

Russia, •    ...  1.2 

Taking  a  still  more  general  average,  it  has  been 
computed  that  t  ^ougliout  the  whole  of  Europe 
each  smoker  is  re.  nj^^le  for  the  consumption  of 
ten  ounces  per  i.  .^nih,  and  each  inhabitant, 
whether  man,  woman,  or  oiiild,  for  three  ounces 
of  Tobacco  per  month,  or  two  and  one-half  pounds 
per  year. 

These  figures  represent  the  weight  of  the  To- 
bacco consumed,  but  do  not  represent  the  actual 
amount  of  smoking  done  in  the  various  nations. 
Holland  and  the  United  States,  for  instance,  con- 
sume the  greatest  amount  of  cigars,  while  Ger- 
many and  England  are  confined  more  to  the  pipe, 
which  in  the  bulk  of  the  Tobacco  consumed  and 
in  the  volume  of  smoke  produced  makes  up  for 
the  greater  weight  of  the  cigar. 

The  original  smoker  is  to  be  found,  unques- 
tionably, among  the  American  Indians,  or  among 
their  ancestors  or  predecessors,  the  Mound  build- 
ers, who  in  their  graves  along  the  Ohio  Valley 
have  left  numerous  and  unmistakable  evidences 


i\  'i 


75 

01  their  addiction  to  the  fragrant  leaf.  While  no 
cigar-stumps  have  been  discovered  among  their 
remains,  yet  the  art  of  pipe-making,  and,  of 
course,  pipe-smoking  was  developed  among  them 
to  an  astonishing  degree  of  variety  and  perfec.ion. 
Their  pipes  were  carved  with  great  skill  into 
images  of  men  and  animals  of  every  species  and 
in  all  sorts  ot  positions,  solemn  as  well  as  ludi- 
crous. Even  the  elephant — or  mastodon — long 
since  extinct  on  this  continent,  has  been  found 
carved  upon  their  pipes  of  stone. 

From  the  mound  builders  the  Indians,  properly 
so-called,  inherited  the  precious  treasures  of  the 
pipe  and  the  Tobacco.  A  boon,  indeed,  did  j.: 
become  to  them.  "There  is  no  custom,"  says 
Catlin,  "more  uniformly  in  constant  use  among 
the  poor  Indians  than  that  of  smoking,  nor  .  ay 
more  highly  valued.  His  pipe  is  his  constant 
companion  through  life — his  messenger  of  peace ; 
he  pledges  his  friends  through  its  stem  and  its 
bowl,  and  when  its  care-drowning  fumes  cease  to 
flow,  it  takes  a  place  with  him  in  his  solitary 
grave  with  his  tomahawk  and  war-club,  compan- 
ions to  his  long-fancied  '  mild  and  beautiful  hunt- 
ing-grounds.* " 

"  The  use  of  Tobacco  was  known  to  nearly  all 
the  American  nations,  and  the  pipe  was  their 
grand  diplomatist.  In  making  war  and  in  con- 
cluding peace  it  performed   an  important  part. 


76 


Their  (ieliberatiuns,  duinedtic  a3  well  as  public, 
were  conducted  under  its  influences;  and  no 
treaty  was  ever  made  unsignalized  by  the  passage 
of  the  calumet.  The  transfer  of  the  pipe  from 
the  lips  of  one  individual  to  those  of  another  was 
the  token  of  amity  and  friendship,  a  gage  of 
honor  with  the  chivalry  of  the  forest  which  was 
seldom  violated." 

Tobacco  was  considered  by  them  a  gift  from 
the  Great  Spirit  for  their  special  enjoyment — one 
that  he  himself  delighted  in,  who-?e  great  and 
ever-smoking  pipes  were  the  volcanoes  of  the 
Andes  and  Cordilleras.  Hence  the  pipe  was  not 
only  a  plaything,  but  a  sacred  object,  and  smok- 
ing not  only  a  pleasant  pastime,  but  a  solemn  act 
of  worship.  May  it  not  have  had  the  same  sym- 
bolic, representative  origin  as  the  altar  of  incense 
among  other  nations? 

Numerous  are  the  evidences  of  the  use  of 
Tobacco  as  a  religious  emblem  among  the  origi- 
nal Americans.  At  first  its  use  was,  perhaps,  con- 
fined to  the  priest,  the  medicine  man,  or  sorcerer, 
as  a  means  of  communication  between  savage 
man  and  the  unseen,  over-ruling  world  of  spirits. 
Thus,  among  the  ancient  Peruvians,  Tobacco- 
smoking  was  used  as  a  means  of  oracle.  The 
priest  would  inhale  the  smoke  in  a  peculiar  man- 
ner, so  as  to  produce  a  trance-like  state  of  insen- 
sibility, and  upon  awakening  deliver  enigmatical 


I  i 


answers  from  the  gods  to  questions  addressed  to 
them.  Does  not  this  call  to  mind  the  t'amous  oracle 
of  Delphi,  and  the  Pythia  inlialinj:  the  smoke  that 
issued  out  of  a  fissure  in  tlie  eartli  ? 

Among  many  of  the  triV)es,  Tobacco  was  and 
is  still  used  as  a  sacritice  and  ofiering  to  the 
spirits  above  them.  The  Dakotas,  in  making 
their  buffalo-medicine,  were  accustomed  to  burn 
Tobacco  as  a  means  of  bringin;^  the  coveted  herds. 
The  Cohuilla  Indians  of  California,  when  they 
are  troubled  by  insomnia,  burn  incense  of  Tobacco 
to  a  class  of  evil  spirits  called  Sespes,  who  are  sup- 
posed to  withhold  sleep.  This  use  of  smoking  is 
not,  however,  confined  to  "  the  heathen  "  alone. 
Many  a  good  Christian  has  propitated  Morpheus 
by  a  midnight  pipe. 

The  following  sacrificial  prayer  was  in  use 
among  the  Iroquois  as  late  as  1882 :  "  Bless  thy 
grandchildren.  Protect  and  strengthen  them.  By 
this  Tobacco  we  give  thee  a  sweet-smelling  sacrifice, 
and  ask  thy  care  to  keep  us  from  sickness  and 
famine." 

Some  of  the  tribes  had  a  curious  custom  of  en- 
treating the  pardon  of  a  bear  whom  they  had 
killed.  They  would  place  a  lighted  pipe  of  peace 
in  the  mouth  of  the  late  bruin  and  blow  the  smoke 
down  its  throat,  at  the  same  time  asking  its  spirit 
not  to  take  revenge  for  its  murder 


t 


•8 


The  Pipe  of  Peace,  or  calumet,  so  called  by  tlit 
Spaniards,  from  the  Latin  calamus^  a  reed,  is  the 
inseparable,  hereditary  altar  of  every  Indian  tribe. 
It  is  richly  ornamented  with  the  quills  of  the  war- 
eagle,  and  never  allowed  to  be  used  on  any  other 
occasion  than  that  of  peace-making,  when  the 
chief  brings  it  into  treaty.  When  the  terms  have 
been  agreed  upon,  the  sacred  stem  is  passed  to 
every  chief,  who  draws  through  it  one  single 
breath  of  smoke.  The  pipe  is  then  again  carefully 
folded  in  its  covering  of  wild-cat's  skin  and  stowed 
away  in  the  chief's  lodge  until  a  similar  occasion 
calls  it  forth.  Among  the  Pawnees,  if  a  stoppage 
occurs  during  the  smoking  of  this  pipe,  the  bearer 
was  apt  to  lose  his  life.  To  prevent  such  a  calamity 
the  perforation  of  the  stem  was  made  quite  large. 

The  war  pipe,  which  is  passed  around  between 
allied  chiefs  when  war  is  to  be  declared,  is  a  true 
tomahawk.  The  Tobacco  is  placed  in  a  small  re- 
ceptacle above  the  hatchet,  which  is  perforated  so 
as  to  allow  the  smoke  to  be  drawn  through  the 
hollow  reed  handle.  All  other  Indian  pipes  have 
their  bowl  made  out  of  a  solid  stone,  which  is 
shaped  into  form  with  nothing  but  a  knife.  The 
hole  is  made  by  drilling  with  a  hard  stick  together 
with  some  sharp  sand  and  water.  Who  but  the 
original  smoker  would  have  such  patience  ? 

The  use  of  Tobacco  seems  to  have  been  known 
throughout  the  American  continent  at  the  time 


79 

of  its  discovery.  Columbus,  as  we  have  seen, 
found  it  among  the  natives  of  Cuba  and  the  West 
Indies.  The  followers  of  Cortez  tell  us  of  smoking 
as  an  established  custom  in  ancient  Mexico.  Mon- 
tezuma, it  is  said,  had  his  pipe  brought  to  him  with 
much  ceremony  by  the  chief  ladies  of  his  court, 
when,  after  dining,  he  had  washed  his  mouth  with 
scented  water.  The  "  exquisites  "  of  his  court  had 
their  clay  tobacco-pipes  molded  into  various  far- 
ciful forms,  and  ornamented  with  precious  stones. 
Cabral,  in  1515,  observed  the  practice  of  chewing 
Tobacco,  in  Brazil,  and  found  a  great  abundance 
of  small  stone  mortars,  which  were  used  to  grind 
the  leaves  into  snuff.  When  Paraguay  was  dis- 
covered by  the  Spaniards  in  1503  the  natives  tried 
to  drive  them  away  by  spitting  Tobacco-juice  at 
them.     SanCta  simpUcitas  I 

From  "  Greenland's  icy  mountains  "  to  Terra  del 
Fuego's  snows,  America  is  still  the  proud  home  of 
Tobacco  and  its  lovers.  Most  radical  among  all 
its  American  devotees  are  the  Esquimaux  of  Green- 
land, who  supplement  smoking  and  chewing  with 
the  habit  of  drinking  the  juice  of  the  pipe.  It  is 
said,  in  fact,  that  the  Greenlander  smokes  princi- 
pally to  enjoy  afterwards  that  residuum  which  to 
people  of  other  zones  is  bitter  death.  Arctic  trav- 
elers, it  is  said,  have  gained  the  favor  of  many  a 
native  by  pen  litting  him  to  clean  his  pipe  and 
devour  its  empyreumatic  oil  I 


'11 


80 


Of  the  position  of  the  United  States  in  the 
world  of  Tobacco,  modesty  forbids  us  to  speak 
much.  Enough  that  our  country  produces  the 
best  and  largest  Tobacco-crop  in  the  world,  as  well 
as  the  noblest,  most  aristocratic  crop  of  smokers. 
Leaving  the  palm  of  pipe-smoking  to  other,  poorer 
nations,  our  citizens  take  the  prize  as  smokers  of 
the  proud,  self-sufficient,  sovereign  cigar.  The 
rollicking,  time-saving  "  quid  "  is  also  cliaracter- 
istic  of  our  cheery  but  busy  compatriots.  Time 
was  when  stuffing  or  "  plugging  "  Tobacco  into  the 
nostrils  disfigured  the  manly  features  of  our  ances- 
tors, but  we  have  outgrown  this  habit,  and  have  also 
left  snuffing  to  the  *'  effete  "  civilizations  of  tlie  old 
world.  The  beak  of  the  American  eagle  is  too  re- 
fined for  such  coarse  manners.  The  pipe,  however, 
is  still  cherished  by  the  side  of  the  cigar,  and  justly 
HO.  We  can  even  claim  a  national.  })ipe.  L<^t 
•Austria  boant  her  meerschaum,  France  lier  briar, 
and  H-^lland  tier  clay !  Where  could  tlie  sweet, 
absorbent,  inexpensive  coru-ro^;  have  been  invented 
but  in  practical,  ingenious  America? 


Going  further  South,  to  Mexico  and  Spanish 
A.norica,  we  find  smoking  even  more  universal. 
Heiw  everybody  smokes  at  all  times,  the  proud- 
senior,  the  dark-eyed  sonorita,  tlie  children  even, 
before  their  'teens.  Swinging  hizily  in  their  han)- 
mocks  under  the  shade  of  the  banana  tree  which 
gives  them  their  daily  bread,  what  have  thu  de- 


in  the 
speak 
es  the 
IS  well 
lokers. 
poorer 
:ers  of 
.     The 
.racter- 
Tinie 
ito  the 
'  ances- 
,vc  also 
tlie  old 
too  re- 
)wever, 
I  iustlv 
,     Lot 
hriar, 
sweet, 
vented 


panish 
ivorsal. 

])r()iuU 
1  even, 
r  hani- 

which 
lio  de- 


81 


Bcendants  of  Castilian  and  Aztec  ancestors  to  do 
out  to  dream  their  life  away  in  the  fragrance  of 
their  dgarros  and  papelotos,  which  they  so  deftly 
roll?  'Tis  true,  revolutions  form  an  important 
element  of  their  daily  life,  and  the  introduction 
of  the  quieting  pipe  might  give  more  stahility  to 
their  political  institutions,  but  imagine  the  an- 
archy there  would  be  if  this  fiery  people  had  no 
Tobacco  I 

"  In  Paraguay,"  writes  Lieutenant  Page,  "  the 
hospitalit}'  of  Tobacco  is  offered  in  every  house, 
however  humble  its  pretensions  in  other  respects, 
and  all  men,  women,  and  children — delicate  refined 
girls  and  young  masters  who  would  not  with  us 
be  promoted  to  the  dignity  of  pantaloons — smoke 
with  a  gravity  and  gusto  that  is  irresistibly  ludi- 
crous to  a  foreigner.  My  son  sometimes  accom- 
panied me  in  these  visits,  and  was  always  greatly 
embarrassed  by  the  pressing  offer  of  cigars.  I  made 
his  excuse  by  saying  '  smoking  is  a  practice  we 
consider  injurious  to  children.'  *  Si  Seflor,'  the 
Paraguayan  would  reply,  *  with  all  other  Tobacco, 
but  not  with  that  of  Paraguay.'  " 

Passing  over  to  Europe,  wc  find  our  nearest 
neighbors,  the  Irish,  as  devoted  to  the  delightful 
leaf^as  we  ourselves.  From  the  poorest  bog-trotter 
to  the  prieste  and  members  of  Parliament,  all 
smoke  the  pipe.  Who  can  imagine  the  typical 
Irishman  without  the  short-stemmed,  black  "  dud^ 
G 


II 


I 


82 


heen"  in  loving  contact  witli  his  lips  or  stuck  in  the 
l.>and  of  his  hat  ?  It  has  become  almost  as  much 
of  a  national  emblem  as  the  Shamrock  and  the 
Shillalah.  Consider  the  benefit  of  the  pipe  upon 
the  Irish  character  I  It  alone  has  made  him  the 
quiet,  meditative  creature  that  he  is.  What  a 
consolation  it  has  been  to  him  during  these  cen- 
turies of  misery  and  oppression ! 

In  England  the  noble  art  of  smoking  has 
reached  a  high  degree  of  development,  in  spite  of 
long  ages  of  governmental  restrictions  upon  the 
growing  a?id  importing  of  Tobacco.  TY.e  enor- 
mous consumption  of  Tobacco  in  Enj^land,  in 
spite  of  the  outrageous  taxation,  is  evident  from 
the  revenue,  which  in  1891  amounted  to  close  upon 
ten  million  pounds  sterling,  or  nearly  one-half  oi 
the  whole  revenue  of  the  customs  de])artment. 
The  true  Englishman  is  as  wedded  to  his  pipe  ae 
to  his  beefsteak  and  his  ale,  and  is  a  sturdy,  per- 
sistent, courageous  smoker,  to  whom  high  prices 
and  possible  adulterations  present  small  terrors 
Yet,  in  view  of  these  legal  discouragements,  who 
can  blame  the  English  f<>r  emigrating  to  other 
regions  of  the  earth,  where  they  may  spread  the 
blessings  of  civilization,  and  at  the  same  time 
gain  greater  liberties  for  their  fumiferous  pro- 
clivities ? 

The  Scandinavians  are  good,  steady  servants 
of   **  our    lady   Nicotine,"  sacrificing  u[)on    lier 


83 


altars  every  form  of  Tobacco  without  any  special 
fears  or  favors.  Smoking  has  cooled  their  hot 
Viking  blood  and  reduced  them  to  quiet,  orderly 
citizens,  who  have  enriched  the  whole  smoking 
world  by  the  invention  of  their  safety-matches. 
They  are  a  cosmopolitan  people,  easily  absorbing 
all  foreign  uses  of  the  leaf,  but  they  have  not 
developed  any  national  characteristics  in  this 
particular  field. 

The  Dutch  I  Ah,  now  we  have  come  to  the  very 
focus  and  capital  of  the  tobacconing  comnmn- 
ity  of  nations.  This  is,  jmr  excellence,  the  land  of 
smoke.  "  The  pipe  is  never  from  the  mouth  of 
the  true-bom  Netherlander.  It  is  his  occupation 
in  solitude,  the  relaxation  of  his  gayer  hours — 
his  counsellor,  his  consoler,  his  joy,  his  pride ;  in 
a  word,  he  seems  to  think  and  breathe  through 
his  pipe."    Thus  Washington  Irving. 


ill 


r 


Tobacco,  in  Holland,  is  cheaper  and  more 
used  than  bread.  It  is  raised,  mostly,  in  Java, 
Borneo,  and  Sumatra,  and  is  light  in  color,  mild 
in  flavor,  and  harmless  in  quality.  Henc^e  tlio 
Dutch  can  smoke  enormous  (piantities  with  im- 
punity. Every  male  smokes,  from  the  totter- 
ing grayhead  to  the  lisping  infant  of  five  or  six, 
who,  with  a  pij)eas  long  as  himself,  comes  gravely 
up  to  you  and  u<:k8  for  a  light.  In  their 
Bchools,  a  temporary  injunction  from  smoking  is 


84 


a  common  form  of  punishment  of  naughty  little 
Dutch  boys  I 

Vhy  have  the  liutch  taken  so  kindly  to  smok- 
ir  c^  9  V/hiit "  long-felt  want "  was  there  for  it  in  the 
nauonal  cliaracter  ?  Were  they  not  pkcid  enough 
before  they  knew  it  ?  Or  was  it  a  case  of  pure  alhn- 
ity,  such  as  the  fish  has  for  the  water?  Who 
knows  ?  It  is  certair^  that  the  Dutchman  was  not  a 
complete  creation  until  he  was  provided  with  Jiis 
long-stemmed,  clean4ooking,  cool  and  comfort- 
able pipe  of  snowy  clay,  white  as  his  wife's  apron- 
strings,  sweet  as  the  brow  of  the  Dutch  maiden. 
Then,  behold  our  friend  in  the  breeches  of  ample 
proportions,  viewing  placidly  through  the  smoke 
the  mad  onward  rush  of  the  modern  world.  Ho 
does  not  seem  to  have  its  wings,  and  yet  }>e  "  gets 
there "  all  the  same.  His  motto  is  "  hasten 
slowly,"  and  "  keep  your  pipe  lit." 

What  a  contrast  to  him  is  not  his  southern 
neighbor,  our  fussy,  frivolous  friend,  the  P>ench~ 
man.  His  method  of  smoking  is  said  to  be  fast 
and  furious.  Though  the  i)ipe  is  q^r  a  la  mode 
among  the  hourgome,  yet  the  cigare  .  seems  to 
roacli  his  heart  the  quicker.  He  is  conventionally 
supposed  to  suioke  not  for  rest  and  comfort,  })ut 
for  excitement  and  in8|)iration.  But  perhaps  we 
arc  yielding  to  popular  prejudices,  and  douig  our 
worthy  friends  of  Gaul  an  injustice.  How  mu(;h 
do  we  not  owe  to  Tobacco,  as  consumed  in  the 


hty  little 

to  smok- 
r  it  in  the 
i  enough 
ure  atftn- 
?     Who 
was  not  a 
with  liis 
comfort- 
}'s  apron- 
maiden, 
of  ain[)le 
10  smoke 
)rld.     Ho 
}»o  "gets 
"  hasten 

southern 
Frencli- 
a  bo  last 
la  mode 
seems  to 
itionally 
fort,  hut 
.'haps  we 
omg  our 
w  much 
d  in  the 


85 


way  that  suilj  Iheiii  best,  for  the  beautiful,  elei^ant 
md  pleasant  things  which  their  :ai  and  Uiste  pro- 
vide for  the  rest  of  a  duller,  even  if  more  sobev 
world  ? 

(jtermany!  Here  we  strike  terra  firma.  No 
f  jolishness  or  frivolity  clings  to  Teutonic  smoking. 
The  German  pipe  is  the  beacor^light  of  civilization. 
It  breathes  forth  science,  philosophy,  and  culture 
in  one  whiflf.  What  if  it  is  "  almost  the  only  me- 
dium through  which  a  German  introduces  the 
external  air  into  his  breathing-apparatus !"  What 
though  an  English  pcct  has  vapored  his  shallow 
wit  about 

"A  certain  Count  Herman, 
A  highly  respectable  man  as  a  German, 
Who  smoked  like  a  chimney  and  drank  like  a  mer- 
man !" 

German  Taback,  German  Bier,  German  learning 
and  solidity  go  hand  in  hand,  conquering  where 
their  swords  cannot  reach.  Let  the  French  keep 
to  their  absinthe  and  cigarette.  A  German  sings 
lustily : 

"Ein  tlarkefi  Bitr^  ein  Imzender  TiOtnclc, 
Und  eine  Magd  in  PtUz,  nun  dun  iat  nwin  fiiHchmack" 

The  German  i)ipo  is  a  thing  by  itself,  worthy 
of  profound  .study  and  diligent  reHoarches.  We 
intend   visiting   all   the  German   universities   to 


f 


86 


gather  materials  for  an  exhaustive  work  in  thir- 
teen volumes,  with  several  appendices,  treating  of 
thifi  subject  alone.  In  the  meantime  let  it  be 
known  tliat  a  German  pipe  consists  of  four  parts : 
(1)  The  A'o/)/,  or  bowl,  to  hold  about  a  pound  of  the 
leaf;  (2)  the  Abguss,  or  lower  receptacle,  to  catch 
the  pernicious  oil,  which  is  afterward  collected  by 
religious  societies  and  exported  to  the  benighted 
heathen  in  Greenland ;  (3)  the  Rohr,  or  stem,  which 
is  also  used  for  educational  purposes  by  German 
parents,  and  (4)  the  Mundstuck^  or  mouthpiece, 
which  is  removed  from  the  lips  on  rare  occasions 
and  when  eating  and  drinking. 

Passing  "Russia,  where  cigarette-smoking  is  uni- 
versal, and  the  other  European  nations,  we  come 
to  the  territory  of  the  terrible  Turks.  This  is  the 
Sybaris  of  smoker?,,  where  the  art  has  reached  its 
highest,  most  luxurious  development.  Nobody 
but  a  true  Moslem  knows  how  to  smoke.  The 
"  infidels  "  of  the  rest  of  the  world  are  mere  ])uff- 
ers  in  comparison  with  the  followers  of  the  hoi*se- 
tail  and  the  half-moon  Cigars,  cigarettes,  meer- 
schaums— all  sink  into  insignificance  before  that 
one  and  only  sublime  instrument  of  pleasure  called 
the  "  Hookah  "  or  "  hubble-bubble.'' 

What  is  this  w^mderTul  im parte*  of  1)li3s  para- 
disiacal? It  is  a  ^yjitor-pipe,  consiriting  of  a  cup 
for  the  Tobacco,  with  .« (n».m  passing  perpendicu- 
larly into  a  cl()so<l  vo-jsel,  hulf-full  ol'  water,  having 


I 


V  in  thir- 
sating  of 
let  it  be 
ur  parts : 
nd  of  the 

to  catch 
lected  by 
enighted 
m,  which 

German 
nthpiece, 
)ccasions 


ig  IS  um- 
we  come 
iis  is  the 
iched  its 
Nobody 
:e.  The 
ire  puff- 
le  hoi'se- 
58,  meer- 
bre  that 
re  called 


3s  jiara- 
)f  a  cup 
xmdicu- 
,  having 


a  flexible  tube '  attached.  By  drawing  the  air 
above  the  water  through  this  tube  a  vacuum  is 
created  in  the  vessel,  which  is  replenished  through 
the  pipe  with  its  lighted  Tobacco.  In  this  man- 
ner the  smoke  must  needs  pass  throu'::!!  the  water, 
which  cools  it,  and,  besides,  absorbs  the  solvent 
Nicotine.  A  more  delicious  jis  well  as  harmless 
smoke  cannot  be  imagined.  The  nectar  and  am- 
brosia of  Olympus  are  coarse  beside  it  It  is  like 
ice  to  champagne.  It  is  the  acme,  the  eulminatiun- 
I)oint  of  Tobacco-smoking. 

"  Ah,  well,"  some  disappointed  Western  ama- 
teur may  exclaim,  "  I  have  tried  it,  too,  and  the 
first  few  smokes  were  certainly  beyond  deserip- 
tion,  but  the  blessed  thing  within  a  short  time 
began  to  have  a  most  disgusting  odor."  My  friend, 
you  should,  like  the  Turkish  connoisseur,  have  a 
troop  of  slaves,  devoted  to  the  single  use  of  at- 
tending to  the  Hookah,  to  keep  the  tuV>e  and  pipe 
scrupulously  clean,  to  fill  the  wuter-bowl  with 
scented,  alcoholic  water,  to  guard  the  dryness  and 
freshness  of  the  Tobacco.  Unfortunate  ])uffer,  the 
Hookah  is  not  for  thy  infidel  soul,  but  for  the 
Sultan  or  the  Pascha  alone.  Thou  cans't  com- 
mand neither  liiluli  (the  fillers  of  the  l>owl),  or  the 
talumji  (the  servants  of  the  Tobacco),  or  the  tchi- 
Ifiugl  (the  guardians  of  the  pil)e).  What  wouldst 
thou  do  without  all  these? 

What  dofs  not  lllurope  owe  to  the  invention  of 


Hi 


!| 


88 

the  Hookah'  Had  it  not  been  iiftroduced  in  tlie 
nick  of  time,  the  Turks  would  certainly  have  over- 
run the  continent,  and  we  ourselves  might  now 
have  been  followers  of  the  false  prophet.  Thanks 
to  the  quieting  influences  of  the  "  Hubble-bubble  " 
the  Turks  have  sunk  into  luxurious  even  if  inglo- 
rious inactivity  and  ease,  preferring  the  loss  of 
provinces  to  the  loss  of  time  for  smoking. 

Let  it  not  be  imagined  that  smoking  among  the 
Moslem  is  confined  to  the  Turks  alone.  Exactlv 
suited  to  tlie  dreamy,  contemplative  Oriental 
mind.  Tobacco  reigns  throughout  the  Mohamme- 
dan world.  The  prophet  himself,  it  is  true,  was 
not  a  smoker,  being  born,  unfortunately  for  him- 
self, in  a  pre-Tobacco  age.  But  from  the  coast  of 
Morocco  to  the  mountains  of  Persia,  there  is  no 
worshiper  of  Allah  who  swears  not  by  his  beard, 
his  horse,  his  scimitar,  and  his  pipe.  In  the  soli- 
tude of  Sahara,  By  the  hoary  banks  of  the  Nile, 
in  the  tent  of  the  Bedouin  or  the  palace  of  the 
Shah  or  the  Raj  vh,  the  pipe  is  equally  indispensa- 
ble, the  cheering,  over-burning  star  of  Oriental  life. 

Thk  Hookah  was  originally  invented  in  Persia, 
and  spread  thence  throughout  the  Mohammedan 
world.  It  is  made  of  glass  or  earthenware  or 
precious  metals,  and  is  always  richly  gilded  and 
decorated.  Some  of  the  Maharajahs  of  India  have 
State-Hookahs,  made  of  solid  silver,  and  reaching 
the  height  of  three  feet  or  more.     The  smoking- 


in  the 
3  over- 
t  now 
'hanks 
ibble  " 
inglo- 
088   of 

>ng  the 
Ixactlv 

• 

riental 
anime- 
le,  was 
r  him- 
sast  of 
i8  no 
beard, 
le  soli- 
Nile, 
of  the 
pensa- 
a\  life. 

Persia, 
Tiedan 
are  or 
}d  and 
1  have 
iching 
oking- 


89 

tubes  are  made  of  leather,  covered  with  velvet  and 
entwined  with  gold  or  silver  wire.  The  length 
varies  from  five  to  ten  yards.  All  water-pipes  are 
called  "  Hookahs,"  when  they  have  a  flat  bottom. 
When  they  have  a  rounded  bottom  and  cannot 
stand  erect,  but  must  be  carried  in  the  hand,  thev 
are  called  "  Narghileh,"  which  means  "  cocoa-nut," 
the  shell  of  this  fruit,  richly  mounted  in  silver, 
being  often  employed  as  the  water-bowl  of  the 
pipe.  The  '*  Tchibouk  "  is  the  pipe  of  the  com- 
mon people.  It  consists  of  an  ordinary  pipe-bowl, 
'  made  of  terra-cotta,  with  a  very  long  stem. 

Through  the  Arab  traders,  probably,  the  pipe 
has  become  known  to  the  most  benighted  tribes 
of  "  darkest  Africa."  Some  peculiar  forms  of 
smoking  have  been  developed  here.  Thus  the 
Bechuanas,  of  South  Africa,  have  reduced  the  art 
to  its  simplest  formula.  They  bury  a  limber  twig 
in  the  mud  of  mother  earth,  then  pound  the  mass 
vigorously,  draw  out  the  twig,  put  some  Tobacco 
and  a  glowing  coal  at  one  end  of  the  underground 
tube  thus  made,  and  suck  at  the  other  end.  It  is 
simplicity  itself.  The  Hottentots  are  so  fond  of 
Tobacco  that  they  will  barter  their  wives  for  it — 
especially  such,  we  suppose,  as  raise  a  rumpus 
about  smoking  in  the  parlor — but  when  the  real 
article  cannot  be  obtained  even  by  this  means, 
they  content  themselves  with  a  substitute  made 
out  of  the  dried  excrements  of  the  elephant  or 


90 

the  rhinoceros.     Some  ''  civilized  "  forms  of  adul- 
terating Tobacco  are  scarcely  less  inviting. 

The  smoking  luxuries  of  the  Kaffirs  have  been 
described  as  follows  :  "A  i)arty  of  warriors,  seated 
cross-legged  in  their  tents,  ceremoniously  smoked 
the  daghapipe,  a  kind  of  Hookah,  made  of  bul- 
lock's horn,  its  downward  point  filled  with  water, 
and  a  reed  stem  let  into  its  side,  surmounted  by 
a  rough  bowl  of  stone,  wliich  is  filled  with  tlio 
dnghay  a  species  of  hemp.  Each  individual 
receives  it  in  turn,  opening  his  jaws  to  tlicir  full 
extent,  and  placing  his  lips  to  the  wide  mouth  of 
the  horn,  takes  a  few  pulls  and  passes  it  on. 
Retaining  the  last  draught  of  smoke  in  his  mouth, 
which  he  fills  with  a  decoction  of  bark  and  water, 
he  squirts  it  on  the  ground  by  his  side  through  a 
long  ornamented  tube  in  his  left  hand,  com])la- 
cently  regarding  the  soap-like  bubbles,  tlie  joint 
production  of  himself  and  neighbor.  It  appeared 
to  be  a  lign  of  special  friendliness  to  squirt  into 
the  same  hole."  A  most  original,  as  well  as  sim- 
ple pipe  is  the  one  in  use  among  the  "Areweni " 
and  "Ituri,"  the  savage  dwarf  dwellers  whom 
Stanley  met  in  the  equatorial  forests  of  "  Darkest 
Africa."  Surgeon  Parke  reports  that  this  curious 
people  make  their  pipe-stems  by  pushing  a  reed 
down  the  thick,  cellular  midrib  of  the  banana 
leaf.  This  stem  they  insert  into  a  piece  of  banana 
leaf  rolled  up  into  a  cone,  like  a  grocer's  paper. 


i)l 


The  Chinesk,  who  cluim  to  have  invented 
Tobacco-smoking  in  the  tliirteenth  century,  even 
as  they  claim  the  invention  of  everything  else,  are 
veteran  smokers,  not  only  of  the  soul-destrovin" 
opium,  but  also  of  the  liarmless  Tobacco,  the 
latter  being  especially  in  favor  among  the  fair, 
small-footed  sex.  No  lady's  dress  is  considered 
perfect  without  a  pocket  in  which  to  carry  the 
pipe,  and  ladies,  as  well  as  {gentlemen,  wear  at  the 
girdles  brilliantly  embroidered  silken  lumches  for 
the  Tobacco.  Some  of  the  Chinese  pipes  resem- 
])le  those  used  in  Turkey.  One  spccii^s  has  a  long 
straight  ))aml)oo  stem,  highly  ornamented  wiUi 
silken  tassels.  Another  kind  is  constructed  on 
the  principle  of  the  "  Hookah."  In  all  cases  the 
bowl  is  very  small;  the  Tobacco  is  cut  into  fine 
shreds,  and  only  a  few  whifls  are  taken  sit  a  time. 
Have  you  ever  tried  Chinese  Tobacco,  dear  reader? 
A  daring  friend  of  ours  once  made  the  experi- 
ment, but  is  not  communicative  on  the  subject. 
Perhaps  he  made  use  of  his  ordinary,  Western 
pipe. 

We  m.vy  yet  add  a  few  fragments  to  this  brief 
ethnological  study.  The  inhabitants  of  the  high- 
lands of  Himalaya  secure  a  cool  smoke  by 
making  a  tube  in  the  compact,  never-m (biting 
snow,  placing  Tobacco  and  a  lighted  coal  at  one 
end,  and  smoking  through  the  other.  The  Hur- 
mese  are  said  to  be  brought  up  to  smoking  as 


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92 


soon  as  they  are  weaned  from  the  mother's  milk. 
The  Kookie  tribe  in  Manipur  construct  theit 
pipes  with  a  reservoir  for  collecting  the  oil,  which 
is  afterward  drank  by  them,  as  by  the  Green- 
landers,  as  a  special  delicacy.  Among  the  Caribs 
of  the  West  Indies  one  must  learn  to  drink 
Tobacco-juice  before  he  ca,n  become  a  priest. 
The  Negritos  of  Luzon,  one  of  the  Philippine 
islands,  scarcely  ever  stop  smoking  their  home- 
made cigars,  which  they  puff  with  the  lighted  end 
in  the  mouth !  But  space  forbids  further  pursuit 
of  this  subject.  Enough  has  been  said  to  show 
that  the  sun  never  sets  over  the  empire  of  Tobacco. 


«-\l 


milk. 

theit 
jvhich 
Jreen- 
[jaribs 

drink 
priest, 
ippine 
home- 
ed  end 
pursuit 
)  show 
)bacco. 


93 


APPENDIX. 

For  the  use  of  students  and  other  lovers  of  a 
combination  of  smoke  with  music,  we  publish  the 
following  smoking-songs,  which,  though  not  very 
new,  yet  are  but  little  known. 

The  Glamour  op  Smoking. 

Air — "  Sparkling  and  Bright." 

"  Floating  away  like  the  fountain's  spray 
On  the  snow-white  plume  on  a  maiden, 
The  smoke-wreaths  rise  to  the  star-lit  skies, 
With  a  blissful  fragrance  laden. 

Chorus. 

"  Then  smoke  away  till  a  golden  ray 
Lights  up  the  dawn  of  the  morrow ; 
For  a  gleaming  cigar  like  a  shield  will  bar 
The  blows  of  care  and  sorrow. 

"  Tlie  leaf  burns  briglit  like  gems  of  li^ht 
That  flash  from  the  braids  of  beauty ; 
It  nerves  each  heart  for  a  hero's  part 
On  the  battle-field  of  duty. — Chorus. 

"  In  the  thoughtful  gloom  of  his  darkened  room 
Sits  a  child  of  song  and  story, 
But  his  heart  is  light,  for  his  pipe  burns  bright. 
And  his  dreams  are  all  of  glory. — Chorus. 

"  In  the  forest  grand  of  our  native  land, 
When  the  savage  conflict  ended, 
The  pipe  of  peace  brought  sweet  release 
From  toils  and  terrors  blended. — Chorus. 

"  The  dark  eyed  train  of  the  maids  of  Spain 
'Neath  their  arbor  shades  trip  lightly, 
While  a  gleaming  ci^r,  like  a  new-born  star, 
In  the  clasp  of  their  lips  burns  brightly." 

—Chorus. 


94 


%aHU=&iti. 


1.  ^f)v  fieutd^en  feib  mir    aU' roiUsf omm  unb  f e^t  eu(^  um  ben 


iL^:^^^^^^l5l5fEil 


»-»-'-• 


J- 


5=Jzi*zbp»=:f=izig: 


S^ifd^  l^erum,  unb  trinit  mit  mir  ein  gut  (SIa3  ^ier  unb  raud^t  taju  ^as 


It: 


E 


iS>- 


-H- 


i.-z=a=D 


i 


■—#—#-  -*. 


-#— # 


=f 


t--=f; 


t&t 


«4Eii 


-f-r 


t-t--- 


bal,     Xa  i  bal,  bal,  6a{,  Xabat,  bat,  l&a{,  unb  raud^t    baju    ^a* 


■^Siiigigi^ 


6ot— 2;abal,  baf,  bal,  Xobaf,  baf ,  ba!,  unb  raucf)t  baju  2;abaf. 


g^^JIggig^mifl^^a 


■MMi 


y5 


urn  ocn 


11 


2»   !Der  (©tubcnt  fanit  c(|cr  otjn'  Cateia 
91!^  o^ne  lange  5)fcife  fetn  ; 
^anon'  unb  ^(aug  fe^j'ii  nobc(  au« 
S3ei  etncr  5)f"f  Sabaf. 

3»    Der  Slcfcr^mann  mtt  frotjem  5Wut^ 
©tctft  ftc^  [cin  5)feif4>ert  on  ben  ^iit 
Unb  fiopft  fic^  fd(>on,  tt>eim  btc  Oc^ifcn  ftcljn, 
(Jtnc  frtfc^e  ^feif  Xabaf. 

4«    Der  ©olbot  im  SStmuatf 

fRau^t  rtuc^  fcin  ^fetftiicn  mtt  ©efdfimarf, 

3fl  bcr  Sabaf  nidjt  t^cucr,  fauft  cr  fiir  'nen  Xxtitt 

S3om  fblen  S^auc^tabaf. 


5. 


5aju    2;o» 


^^^^^- 


I 


•I— 

abol. 


:^g 


6. 


7. 


9lug  frb'ner  ^fcife  rauc^t  OTvntjecr, 
T)tx  tto^lgencibrte  ^oUanber, 
Slauf^t  5JJar9lanb  oug  erjtcr  ^anb, 
IDcn  cbcljhn  Sabaf. 

3^r  fetit  ai»d)  rnudben  ben  granjo^, 
(£t  bamvft  cin  flcin  St^arr'cbcn  blo« ; 
(Sr  ^at  gan)  rec!^t,  ed  n>trb  t^m  fc^lec^t 
SBct  cincr  9)fcif'  Zabal 

Unb  tt)cr  tm  S'tauc^cn  rcc^t  crfa^r'n 
X)er  rauc^e  ^asanna-Sigarr'n, 
$at  am  Sabaf  bann  bo^^pelt  (3t\(lsmad, 
9t  font  unb  rnuftt  Xabat, 


